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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the venous drainage path from the left gonads?
|
Left ovary/testis - Left gonadal vein - IVC
|
|
What is the venous drainage path from the right gonads?
|
Right ovary/testis - Right gonadal vein - IVC
|
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The suspensory ligament of the ovaries connects the ______ to the _____
|
Ovaries to the lateral pelvic wall
|
|
The suspensory ligament contains the ______
|
Ovarian vessels
|
|
The cardinal ligament connects the ______ to the _____
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Cervix to the side wall of the pelvis
|
|
The cardinal ligament contains the ______
|
Uterine vessels
|
|
The round ligament of the uterus connects the ______ to the _____
|
Uterine fundus to the labia majora
|
|
What structures are contained in the round ligament of the uterus?
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Nothing! The round ligament of the uterus is empty.
|
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The broad ligament connects the ______ to the _____
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Uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries to the pelvic side wall
|
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What structures are contained in the broad ligament?
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Ovaries, fallopian tubes, and round ligaments of the uterus
|
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The ligament of the ovary connects the ______ to the _____
|
Ovary to the uterus
|
|
What is the pathway of sperm during ejaculation?
|
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory ducts Nothing Urethra Penis |
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What is the pathway for NO action in erection?
|
|
|
Which neurotransmitter is proerectile? What is the cellular pathway?
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NO - increases cGMP - induces smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation
|
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Which neurotransmitter is antierectile? What is the cellular pathway?
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NE - Increases intracellular [Ca] - smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction
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|
What is the function of spermatogonia? Where are they located?
|
Function: Maintain germ pool (they develop into primary spermatocytes)
Location: Line the seminiferous tubules |
|
What is the function of sertoli cells?
|
Functions:
Secrete inhibin Secrete ABP Produce anti-mullerian hormone Protection of gametes from autoimmune attack (blood-testes barrier) Support and nourish developing spermatozoa |
|
Where are the sertoli cells located?
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Line the seminiferous tubules
|
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What are the germ and non-germ cells that line the seminiferous tubules?
|
Germ cells - Spermatogonia
Non-germ cells - Sertoli cells |
|
|
|
What is the function of the leydig cells? Where are they located?
|
Function: Secrete testosterone
Located in the interstitium |
|
What percentage of semen volume is produced by the seminal vesicles and by the prostate?
|
Seminal vesicle - 60%
Prostate - 20% |
|
What does the seminal vesicle contribute to semen (5)?
|
Fructose
Ascorbic acid Prostaglandins Phosphorylchlorine Flavins |
|
What does the prostate contribute to semen (5)?
|
Zinc
Citric acid Phospholipids Acid phosphatase Fibrinolysin |
|
What does inhibin do?
|
Inhibits FSH
|
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What does androgen binding protein do?
|
Maintains sufficient testosterone levels for spermatogenesis
|
|
What are the 4 states of gametes during spermatogenesis and what is the genetic status of each?
|
Spermatogonia (at puberty) (46 single chromosomes, diploid, 2N)
MITOSIS Primary spermatocyte (46 sister chromatids, diploid, 4N) MEIOSIS 1 Secondary spermatocyte (23 sister chromatids, haploid, 2N) MEIOSIS 2 Spermatids (23 single chromosomes, haploid, N) |
|
What is the effect of FSH on sertoli cells?
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Stimulates them to produce ABP and inhibin
|
|
What is the effect of LH on leydig cells?
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Stimulates them to produce testosterone
|
|
What are the 3 forms of androgen from strongest to weakest?
|
DHT > Testosterone > Androstenedione
|
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Which of the androgens is produced in the adrenal glands and which in the testes?
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Testis - DHT and testosterone
Adrenal - Androstenedione |
|
_______ converts testosterone to DHT
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5 alpha-reductase
|
|
Finasteride inhibits the enzyme _____, which decreases the conversion of testosterone to ____
|
5 alpha-reductase
Testosterone to DHT |
|
Aromatase converts what two steroid hormones to estrogen?
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Testosterone and androstenedione
|
|
In what two places does aromatization of estrogen occur?
|
Adipose tissue and sertoli cells
|
|
How does exogenous testosterone cause azoospermia?
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Inhibition of HPG axis decreases intratesticular testosterone, which decreases the size of testicles and sperm production
|
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What are the early effects of DHT?
|
Differentiation of penis, scrotum, and prostate
|
|
What are the actions of testosterone (5)?
|
Differentiation - Epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles
Growth spurt - penis, seminal vesicles, sperm, muscle, RBCs) Deepening voice Closing epiphyseal plates Libido |
|
What are the late actions of DHT (3)?
|
Prostate growth
Balding Sebaceous gland activity |
|
What are the 3 sources of estrogen (site and substrate)?
|
Ovary - 17-B estradiol
Placenta - estriol Blood - aromatization |
|
What are the 3 forms of estrogen and list in order of strongest to weakest.
|
Estradiol > Estrone > Estriol
|
|
Which form of estrogen is an indicator of fetal well being?
|
Estriol
|
|
Which form of estrogen increases the most in pregnancy?
|
Estriol - 1,000 fold increase
Estrone and estradiol only 50 fold increase |
|
Where are estrogen receptors expressed in the cell?
|
In the cytoplasm, translocate to nuclei
|
|
What are the sources of progesterone (4)?
|
Testes
Adrenal cortex Corpus luteum & placenta |
|
An elevation in what hormone is indicative of ovulation?
|
Progesterone
|
|
What are the actions of estrogen (8)?
|
Uterus
Stimulation of endometrial glandular secretions and spiral artery development Relaxes uterine smooth Decreases excitability of myometrium Maintains pregnancy Decreases expression of estrogen receptors Inhibits FSH and LH Production of thick cervical mucus (prevent sperm entry) Increases body temperature |
|
DES during pregnancy increases the risk of _________
|
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
|
|
What is the peak incidence of Bowen's disease?
|
50s
|
|
_________ is a gray, solitary, crusty plaque, usually of the shaft of the penis
|
Bowens disease
|
|
_________ has red velvety plaques, usually involving the glans
|
Erythroplasia of queryat
|
|
What can Bowen's disease progress to?
|
Invasive SCC
|
|
What is the peak incidence of Bowen's disease?
|
50s
|
|
Name 3 types of carcinoma in situ in the penis
|
Bowen's disease
Eryhtroplasia of queryat Bowenoid papulosis |
|
What are 3 risk factors for SCC in the penis?
|
Asia, Africa, S. America
HPV Not circumcised |
|
What is peyronie's disease?
|
Bent penis due to acquired fibrous tissue
|
|
In the testes, _______ can be transilluminated, but ______ cannot
|
Tunica vaginalis lesions
Testicular tumors |
|
_______ progresses to SCC in <10% of cases, but ______ usually does not become invasive
|
Bowen's disease
Eryhtroplasia of queryat |
|
What is the tunica vaginalis?
|
Serous covering of the testes
|
|
Which of the 3 carcinoma in situ of the penis has a lower average age of onset?
|
Bowenoid papulosis
|
|
Which of the 3 carcinoma in situ of the penis has a lower average age of onset?
|
Bowenoid papulosis
|
|
What are 3 risk factors for SCC in the penis?
|
Asia, Africa, S. America
HPV Not circumcised |
|
What is peyronie's disease?
|
Bent penis due to acquired fibrous tissue
|
|
What is peyronie's disease?
|
Bent penis due to acquired fibrous tissue
|
|
What is a varicocele?
|
Dilated vein in papiniform plexus
Can cause infertility "Bag of worms" |
|
What lesion looks like a bag of worms?
|
Varicocele
|
|
What is a spermatocele?
|
Dilated epididymal duct
|
|
What is a spermatocele?
|
Dilated epididymal duct
|
|
Which is the more common type of testicular tumor - germ cell or non-germ cell?
|
Germ cell (95% of testicular tumors)
|
|
What are the 5 types of germ cell testicular tumors?
|
Seminoma
Embryonal carcinoma Yolk sac tumor Choriocarcinoma Teratoma |
|
What are the 3 types of non-germ cell testicular cancers?
|
Leydig cell
Sertoli cell Testicular lymphoma |
|
Are teratomas usually malignant or benign in males?t Females?
|
Male - Malignant
Female - Benign |
|
What is (are) tumor marker(s) for choriocarcinoma?
|
Increased hCG
|
|
What cell types are abnormal in choriocarcinoma?
|
Syncitioblast and trophoblast
|
|
How do choriocarcinomas spread?
|
Hematogenous spread
|
|
Describe the appearance of a yolk sac tumor in males.
|
Yellow, mucinous tumor
Have Schiller-Duval bodies (resemble glomeruli) |
|
Are testicular germ cell tumors usually malignant or benign?
|
Malignant
|
|
Which has a worse prognosis in males - seminoma or embryonal carcinoma?
|
Embryonal carcinoma
|
|
How do leydig cell tumors present in men vs. boys?
|
Men - gynecomastia
Boys - precocious puberty |
|
Describe the appearance of a leydig cell tumor.
|
Golden brown color
Contains Reinke crystals |
|
What do leydig cell tumors produce?
|
Androgens
|
|
What is the most common testicular cancer in old men?
|
Testicular lymphoma
|
|
Where do sertoli cell tumors originate from?
|
Sex cord stroma
|
|
What do sertoli cell tumors produce?
|
Estrogen
|
|
Describe the characteristics of a testicular seminoma?
Malignant or benign? Painful or painless? Homogeneous or heterogeneous? Radiosensitive or insensitive? Prognosis? |
Malignant
Painless Homogeneous Good prognosis - Late metastasis, very radiosensitive |
|
What s the most common testicular tumor?
|
Seminoma
|
|
What is the peak incidence of seminoma?
|
Males 15-35
|
|
Describe the appearance of a seminoma.
|
Large cells in lobules with watery cytoplasm and fried egg appearance
|
|
Describe the characteristics of an embryonal tumor:
Painful or painless Malignant or benign Prognosis |
Malignant
Painless Worse prognosis than seminoma ...can differentiate to other tumors |
|
What is the morphology of an embryonal tumor?
|
Glandular/papillary
|
|
What is/are the tumor marker(s) associated with embryonal tumors?
|
Increased AFP and hCG
|
|
What is/are the tumor marker(s) associated with yolk sac
|
AFP
|
|
What female tumor is analogous to a male testicular yolk sac tumor?
|
Ovarian yolk sac tumor
|
|
What are schiller duvall bodies?
|
Glomerulus like structures with embryonal cells and a central blood vessel
Found in yolk sac tumors |
|
What is the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
|
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells.
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. |
|
In which region(s) of the prostate does BPH present?
|
Periurethral (lateral and middle lobes)
|
|
Which region of the prostate does prostate cancer usually present?
|
Posterior lobe
|
|
Describe the morphology and anatomy of BPH?
|
Nodular enlargement of lateral and middle lobes of the prostate compress the urethra into a vertical slit.
|
|
What are the presenting symptoms of BPH (4)?
|
Increased frequency of urination
Nocturia Dysuria Difficulty starting and stopping stream |
|
What are complications of BPH (3)?
|
Distension and hypertrophy of bladder
Hydronephrosis UTI |
|
What is/are marker(s) for BPH?
|
Increased free PSA
|
|
What are 2 drugs used to treat BPH and what is their MOA?
|
Terazosin, tamsulosin
Alpha-1 antagonits cause relaxation of smooth muscle |
|
What is the peak age for BPH?
|
>50 years old
|
|
What are 2 hypothesized causes of BPH?
|
Age-related increase in estradiol
Sensitization of the prostate to growth-promoting effects of DHT |
|
How is prostatic adenocarcinoma diagnosed?
|
Hard nodule on digital-rectal exam and prostate biopsy
|
|
What is/are tumor marker(s) for prostate adenocarcinoma?
|
Elevated PAP
Elevated total PSA, decreased ff |
|
Where does late prostate cancer metastasize to? What are signs of metastasis?
|
Metastases to bone (osteoblasts)
Signs - lower back pain, increase in serum alkaline phosphatase and PSA |
|
Describe the histopathological appearance of prostate adenocarcinoma.
|
Small infiltrating glands with prominent nucleoli
|
|
What is cryptorchidism?
|
Undescended testis (one or both)
|
|
What is a major risk factor for cryptorchidism?
|
Prematurity
|
|
What are 2 complications of cryptorchidism?
|
Lack of spermatogenesis due to body temperature being higher than in scrotum
Increased risk of germ cell tumors |
|
What causes acute and chronic prostatitis?
|
Acute - bacteria (e.g., E. coli)
Chronic - bacterial or, more commomly, abacterial |
|
What are the symptoms of prostatitis (4)?
|
Dysuria
Increased frequency Increased urgency Low back pain |
|
What is the most common cause of breast lumps in women age 25 through menopause?
|
Fibrocystic disease
|
|
What are the symptoms of fibrocystic disease?
|
Premenstrual breast pain
Multiple lesions, often bilateral Mass fluctuates in size |
|
Does fibrocystic disease predict increased risk of carcinoma?
|
No (usually)
|
|
What are the 4 histological types of fibrocystic disease?
|
Fibrosis
Cystic Sclerosing adenosis Epithelial hyperplasia |
|
What does fibrosis type of fibrocystic disease of the breast consist of?
|
Hyperplasia of the breast stroma
|
|
What does cystic type of fibrocystic disease of the breast consist of?
|
Fluid filled blue domes
Dilation of ducts |
|
What does sclerosing adenosis type of fibrocystic disease of the breast consist of?
|
Increased number of acini
Intralobular fibrosis Calcifications |
|
What does epithelial hyperplasia type of fibrocystic disease of the breast consist of?
|
Increased number of of epithelial cell layers in terminal duct lobule
|
|
Is there an adn increased risk of carcinoma with epithelial hyperplasia?
|
Yes, with atypical cells
|
|
What is the most common age for epithelial hyperplasia in breast fibrocystic disease?
|
>30 years old
|
|
What is the connection between acute mastitis and bacteria?
|
Cracks in the nipple = increased risk for bacterial infection, most commonly S. aureus
|
|
What is acute mastitis?
|
A breast abcess that occurs during breast feeding
|
|
How does fat necrosis in the breast present? What causes it?
|
A benign, painless lump
Cause - injury to breast tissue 1/2 of patients don't report trauma |
|
What are the 3 general causes of gynecomastia (3?)
|
Hyperestrogenism - cirrhosis, testicular tumor, puberty, old age
Klinefelter's Drugs |
|
What are the drugs that can cause gynecomastia (9)?
|
Estrogen
Alcohol Marijuana Heroin Psychoactive drugs Spironolactone Digitalis Cimetidine Ketoconazole |
|
Which diseases most commonly occur in the nipple?
|
Paget's disease
Breast abcess |
|
Which diseases most commonly occur in the lactiferous sinus?
|
Intraductal papilloma
Mastitis Breast abcess |
|
Which diseases most commonly occur in the major duct?
|
Fibrocystic changes
Ductal cancer |
|
Which diseases most commonly occur in the terminal duct?
|
Tubular carcinoma
|
|
Which diseases most commonly occur in the breast stroma?
|
Fibroadenoma
Phyllodes tumor |
|
What are the 3 types of benign breast tumors?
|
Fibroadenoma
Intraductal papilloma Phyllodes tumor (*may become malignant) |
|
Describe the appearance of a fibroadenoma
|
Small
Mobile Firm, with sharp edges |
|
What is the most common tumor in women <25 years old?
|
Breast fibroadenoma
|
|
What is the effect of estrogen on a breast fibroadenoma?
|
Increased estrogen (e.g., pregnancy or menstruation) makes the fibroadenoma larger and more tender
|
|
Of the 3 benign breast tumors, which have an increased risk of carcinoma?
|
Fibroadenoma - not a precursor to cancer
Intraductal papilloma - slight increased risk for carcinoma Phyllodes tumor - may become malignant |
|
What is the most common age for phyllodes tumor?
|
60s
|
|
Describe the characteristics of an intraductal papilloma (size and location).
|
Small
Grows in lactiferous ducts, typically beneath areola |
|
Describe the appearance of a phyllodes tumor
|
Large, bulky
Connective tissue and cysts Leaf-like projections |
|
What is the most common cause of galactorrhea?
|
Prolactinoma
|
|
Describe the histopathology of an invasive lobular carcinoma.
|
Orderly row of cells
|
|
Describe the appearance of a medullary carcinoma of the breast.
|
Fleshy, cellular, lymphatic infiltrate
|
|
Which tumor is associated with peau d'orange?
|
Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast (dimpling like orange peel because lymphadema prevents sweat glands from closing)
|
|
Describe the gross and histopathological appearance of paget's disease.
|
Eczematous patches on the nipple
Paget cells - large cells in epidermis with a clear halo |
|
In what 2 sites does paget's disease occur?
|
Nipple and vulva
|
|
What is paget's disease suggestive of?
|
Underlying carcinoma
|
|
What are the 8 types of ovarian non-germ cell tumors?
|
Serous cystadenoma
Serous cystadenocarcinoma Mucinous cystadenoma Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma Brenner tumor Fibroma Granulosa cell tumor Krukenberg tumor |
|
What are the 4 types of ovarian germ cell tumors?
|
Dysgerminoma
Choriocarcinoma Yolk sac tumor Teratoma |
|
What is a krukenberg tumor? Where does it come from?
|
Mucin-secreting signet cell adenocarcinoma
Metastasis from GI tumor |
|
Which type of tumor is benign and contains Walthard's rests?
|
Brenner tumor
Walthard's rests - like transitional epithelium of bladder, surrounded by ovarian stroma |
|
What is pseudomyxoma peritonei? What tumor is it associated with?
|
Accumulation of mucus in the peritoneum due to mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary and appendix
|
|
What does a mucinous adenoma of the ovary look like?
|
Multilocular cyst lined by mucus secreting epithelium - looks like intestine
|
|
________ comprise 50% of ovarian tumors, are malignant, and often bilateral
|
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
|
|
________ comprise 20% of ovarian tumors, are benign, often bilateral, and resemble fallopian tube epithelium.
|
Serous cystadenoma
|
|
What is CA-125?
|
A general ovarian cancer marker
|
|
What is the most important risk factor for ovarian cancer?
|
Family history (BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 mutations)
|
|
From what cell type do leiomyomas originate?
|
Smooth muscle cells
|
|
Which vaginal tumor is common in girls <4 years old?
|
Sarcoma botryoides (variant of rhabdomyosarcoma)
|
|
________ is characterized by spindle-shaped tumor cells that are desmin-positive.
|
Sarcoma botryoides (vaginal tumor, variant of rhabdomyosarcoma)
|
|
What are 3 types of vaginal tumors?
|
Squamous cell carcinoma
Clear cell adenocarcinoma Sarcoma botryoides |
|
Are dysgerminomas more common in men or women?
|
Men (30% of germ cell tumors, vs. 1% in females)
|
|
What are the 4 categories of ovarian tumors? Which is the most common and least common?
|
|
|
What are the 4 categories of ovarian tumors? Which is the most common and least common?
|
|
|
What are the 4 categories of ovarian tumors? Which is the most common and least common?
|
Epithelial cell (most common)
Germ cell Sex-cord stromal (least common) Metastasis to ovary |
|
What are the 4 categories of ovarian tumors? Which is the most common and least common?
|
Epithelial cell (most common)
Germ cell Sex-cord stromal (least common) Metastasis to ovary |
|
What cell-type do each of the epithelial cell ovarian tumors resemble?
Serous Mucinous Endometroid Brenner |
Serous - Fallopian tube
Mucinous - Intestine Endometrioid - Endometrium Brenner - bladder |
|
In what age group are ovarian germ cell tumors most common?
|
Adolescents
|
|
Does the risk of ovarian cancer increase or decrease with age?
|
Increases with age
|
|
Are germ cell tumors usually malignant or benign? Sex cord stromal tumors
|
Both are usually benign
|
|
What is the most common sign of ovarian cancer?
|
Abdominal enlargement due to fluid
|
|
Which ovarian tumor has tumor markers hCG and LDH?
|
Dysgerminoma
|
|
Which ovarian tumor has tumor marker AFP?
|
Yolk sac
|
|
What tumor marker is choriocarcinoma associated with?
|
hCG
|
|
What are 5 ways to treat PCOS?
|
Weight loss
OCPs Gonadotropin analogs Clomiphene Surgery |
|
What is the most common ovarian mass?
|
Follicular cyst
|
|
What causes an ovarian follicular cyst?
|
Accumulation of fluid in a graafian follicle that did not rupture
|
|
Which type of ovarian cyst is associated with hyperestrinism and endometrial hyperplasia?
|
Follicular cyst
|
|
Which type of ovarian cyst is associated with choriocarcinoma and moles?
|
Theca-lutein cyst
|
|
What causes a corpus luteum cyst?
|
Hemorrhage into a persistent mature corpus luteum
(common in pregnancy) |
|
What causes a theca-lutein cyst?
|
Gonoadotropin stimulation
|
|
Which type of ovarian cyst is usually multiple and bilateral?
|
Theca-lutein cyst
|
|
How can the 3 types of penile squamous cell carcinoma in situ be distinguished?
|
Bowen disease - solitary whitish plaque
Bowenoid papulosis - multiple reddish brown papules Erythroplasia of queyrat - shiny red plaque(s) |
|
What features favor the diagnosis of benign intraductal papilloma over ductal carcinoma?
|
Fibrovascular core with both epithelial and myoepithelial cells present
|
|
What features favor the diagnosis of ductal carcinoma over benign intraductal papilloma (3)?
|
Atypia
Abnormal mitoses Cribiform growth pattern |
|
What are the internal and external genitalia in complete androgen insensitivity?
|
Female external genetalia
NO internal genetalia - Mullerian ducts regress because of MIF, and Wolffian ducts regress because of lack of testosterone action at androgen receptor |
|
Differentiation of the Wolffian ducts into the male internal genitalia requires which hormone?
|
Testosterone, but not DHT
|
|
Why is finasteride contraindicated in pregnancy?
|
It is a 5-alpha reductase inhhibitor, so it prevents the conversion of testosterone to DHT. A deficiency in DHT in utero leads to abnormal/lack of development of male external genitalia.
|
|
What are the normal flora in the vagina during:
Infancy to puberty (2) Reproductive years (3) Postmenopause (2) |
Infancy to puberty and postmenopause: Staph. aureus and S. epidermitis
Reproductive years: Lactobacillus, candida, streptococus |
|
What are the key physical findings in Klinefelter syndrome?
|
Male hypogonadism
Eunuchoid body habitus Female hair distribution Gynecomastia |
|
What is the genotype of Klinefelter and turner syndromes?
|
Klinefelter - 47 XXY
Turner - 45 XO |
|
What are the lab physical findings in Klinefelter syndrome (testosterone, FSH, LH)?
|
Low testosterone
High FSH and LH |
|
What are the key lab findings in Turner's syndrome?
|
Low estrogen -- High FSH and LH
|
|
Klinefelter's vs. Turner's syndrome - which has a barr body?
|
Klinefelter's (XXY) - barr body
Turner's (XO) - no barr body |
|
What are the key physical findings in Turner's syndrome?
|
Ovarian dysgenesis (streak ovary)
Short stature Shield chest Bicuspid aortic valve Preductal coarctation of aorta Webbed neck (cystic hygroma) |
|
What is the most common cause of primary amenorrhea?
|
Turner's syndrome
|
|
What is the phenotype in double Y males?
|
Normal phenotype
Very tall Severe acne Antisocial behavior Normal fertility |
|
What is a dermoid cyst?
|
A cystic form of mature teratoma found in the ovaries
|
|
Where does herpes viridae become latent?
|
In the sacral ganglia
|
|
In a patient with IUD think: _______
|
Actinomyces israelii
|
|
What type of cell reaction is seen in fat mastitis in the breast?
|
Multinucleated giant cell reaction due to inflammatory response
|
|
What does fat necrosis show on mammogram?
|
Calcifications
|
|
What is the most dangerous complication of cryptorchoidism?
|
Testicular carcinoma
|
|
In the penis, what could a decrease in nitric oxide release cause?
|
Erectile dysfunction, because
|
|
What is hGH? What purpose does it serve?
|
A variant of GH produced during pregnancy.
It stimulates maternal IGF-1 secretion. Anti-insulin effects - allow fetus to get glucose |
|
Which female reproductive tumor is associated with inactivation of the tumor suppressor genes p53 and p150RB?
|
CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)
These tumor suppressor genes are inactivated by the proteins E6 and E7, produced by HPV |
|
What infection/tumor is associated with kiliocytes?
|
Kiliocyte - large, hyperchromatic nuclei with clear halos = HPV
Associated with CIN |
|
Which strains of HPV are associated with CIN?
|
HPV 16 and 18
|
|
Which levels of CIN are dysplasia and which are carcinoma in situ?
|
CIN 1 and 2 are dysplasia
CIN 3 is carcinoma in situ |
|
What pathogen causes condyloma?
|
HPV
|
|
________ are composed of whorled-pattern spindle shaped smooth muscle cells.
|
Leiomyomas
|
|
_______ causes gummas or obliterative endarteritis with prominent lymphocytes and neutrophils.
|
Gonorrhea
|
|
What is orchitis?
|
Inflammation of the testes
|
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Non-specific orchitis presents with elevation in which cell type?
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Neutrophil
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______ orchitis is usually accompanied by parotiditis.
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Mumps orchitis
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______ orchitis shows acid-fast bacteria in granulomas.
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TB orchitis
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What is the most sensitive test for CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
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17-OH progesterone (the direct substrate for 21-hydroxylase)
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In high grade cervical dysplasia, at 2 years, 60% will _____, 30% will______, 10% will ______
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60% stay the same
30% regress 10% progress to invasive carcinoma |
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To block sensation in the perineum during childbirth, which bony landmark is used to locate which nerve?
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Ischial spine is palpated to locate the pedundal nerve.
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