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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Follicular growth is under control of___________
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follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), an anterior pituitary gonadotropin
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ovulation is stimulated by _______
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a surge in LH secretion
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describe the steps in the ovulatory process allowing for ovum release
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-LH and PGs decrease follicular blood flow and stimulate release of granulosa cell plasminogen activator
-LH and progesterone stimulate collagenase production -collagenase and plasmin break down the follicular wall for ovum release |
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after ovulation, collapsed follicle is transformed into___________and granulosa and theca interna cells become_________
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1. a corpus luteum
2. luteal cells |
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if conception does not occur, the corpus luteum remains functional for about ____________and then degenerates
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14 days
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what is the most potent and plentiful ovarian estrogen in the nonpregnant female of reproductive age?
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estradiol
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granulosa cells have receptors for_______
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FSH
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FSH stimulates conversion of androgens to estrogen via__________
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aromatization rxns
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__________ is produced in all ovarian cells and is the precursor for all androgens and estrogens
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progesterone
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androgen synthesis takes place in the __________under the influence of___________
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1. theca internal cells of the preovulatory follicle
2.LH @ LH receptors |
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what are the necessary roles of granulosa and theca interna cells in estrogen production?
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1. theca interna cells produce androgens(precursors for estrogens)
2. conversion(aromatization) of androgen to estrogen takes place in granulosa cells |
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describe the synthesis and transport of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)
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-synthesized in two clusters of hypothalmic neurons
-axonally transported to median eminence for storage in granules -secreted into hypothalmic-hypophyseal portal Sx through pituitary portal in pulses |
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What are the anterior pituitary gonadotropins?
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LH and FSH
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Describe the function of GnRH
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-binds to membrane rec in gonadotropic cells in anterior pituitary
-this triggers influx of calcium -calcium binds to calmodulin -complex acts as 2nd messenger to stimulate release of LH and FSH |
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what are the effects of prolonged GnRH receptor stimulation?
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-down-regulation/desensitization of the gonadotropic cell to GnRH and inhibition of gonadotropin (LH/FSH) secretion
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functions of LH involving the corpus luteum
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1. conversion of follicle to corpus luteum
2. maintains corpus luteum 3. stimulates estrogen and progestin secretion from corpus luteum |
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Large, mid-cycle surge of LH is responsible for?
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stimulus of ovulation
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LH acts on granulosa cells late in follicular phase to__________
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stimulate the production of estrogen from androgens
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_________acts on the ovarian follicle to simulate follicular growth and maturation
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FSH
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FSH acts on the granulosa cells of the follicle to __________
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stimulate aromatization of the thecal androgens to estrogens
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_______is considered to be the primary trigger for LH surge causing ovulation
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estradiol
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____________exert negative feedback effects to inhibit both LH and FSH synthesis and secretion at the hypothalamic and pituitary levels
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high levels of estradiol and progesterone in the luteal phase
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after ovariectomy, both__________levels rise
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LH and FSH
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actions of estrogens (estradiol) during puberty
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ANABOLIC:
-stimulates growth and development of the female reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics -stimulates bone growth and epiphyseal closure |
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actions of estrogens(estradiol) on uterine motility
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-stimulates uterine endometrial proliferation and increases spontaneous myometrial electrical activity
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antiandrogenic effects of estrogen(estradiol)
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decreases the viscosity of sebaceaous gland secretion and the tendency for acne formation
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metabolic effects of estrogens (estradiol)
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-increased sodium and water retention
-increased synthesis of clotting factors(increased risk of thromboembolism) -minimal effects on insulin action |
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progesterone effects on reproductive organs
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-conversion of proliferating endometrium into secretory endometrium suitable for implantation
-increases myometrial transmembrane potential to stabalize membrane and decrease uterine motility |
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_____________increase temp by approximately 0.5 degrees F by increasing the hypothalamic set point after ovulation
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progesterone
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___________has a natriuretic effect by competitive inhibition of aldosterone
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progesterone
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Previous decriptions of mentrual 28 day cycles called _________day zero, andthis method is still used to describe the ovarian cycle
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day of ovulation
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In terms of uterine cycle and current hormaonal contraceptive practice, day 1 is____________
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the first day of menses with ovulation occuring at mid-cycle on day 14
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the menstrual and proliferative phases of the uterine cycle coincide with the________ of the ovarian cycle
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follicular phase
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the secretory phase of the uterine cycle coincides with the ___________of the ovarian cycle
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luteal phase
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follicular phase of the ovarian cycle begins 12 days prior to ovulation , with ______________ occuring on day -1
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serum estrogen levels reach their highest
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ovulatory phase begins on day zero of the ovarian cycle--describe the post-estrogen peak effects that occur during this phase
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-surge in LH secretion stimulates ovulation within 24 hrs; highest LH levels during cycle
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___________accompanies the LH surge during the follicular phase
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a small FSH surge
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descibe the events taking place during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
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-LH transforms thecal and granulosa cells into luteal cells of the corpus luteum
-high estrogen and progesterone levels, in response to high LH levels, inhibit LH and FSH secretion |
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what occurs to stimulate the onset of menstruation?
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-as corpus luteum decreases productin of progesterone and estrogen, the hormonal support of the uterine endometrium decreases and menstruation occurs
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_____________________ removes the inhibition of FSH secretion allowing for FSH to then stimulate development of a new set of follicles for the next cycle
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decline in steroid production during the luteal phase
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describe the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle and the days encompassed
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-estrogen stimulates endometrial proliferatin: layer thickens, glandular and vessel enlargement
-days 3.5 to day 14 |
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secretory phase of the uterine cycle
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-days 14-28
-after ovulation on day 14. progesterone stimulates conversion of proliferative endometrium into secretory endometrium -without conception corpus luteum regresses and the decrease in estrogen and proesterone levels results in loss of hormonal support for secretory endometrium |
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menstrual phase of the uterine cycle
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-days 1-3.5
-protaglandins are released, endometrial arteries constrict, uterine ischemia occurs, followed by endometrial necrosis |
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describe the characteristics of the cervical mucus at the end of the proliferative phase
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-high volume, ferning, high elasticity, stringy mucus
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