Reproductive, urinary, and lymphatic

Removal of excess tissue fluid

Waste material transport
Filtration of lymph
Protein transport

Comtains lymphocytes and is collectid via a series of vessels/ducts that carry excess tissue fluid to blood vessels near the heart where it is put back into the bloodstream

Contains nutrients, hormones and plasma

Sometimes T cells can be seen, bur mostly B cells found in lymph tissue

System of one way valves to help flow, along with body movement

Transparent/translucent in appearance unless from GI (Called chyle) where it is cloudy and white/yellow white

Excess tissue fluid is picked up by small lymph capillaries in interstitial space of soft tissue, then vessels terminate in thoracic cavity in large thoracic ducts and return back to bloodstream

Blind ended tubes running parallel to the venous system and eventually empty out into cranial vena cava. Vessels are similar to veins but w/ thinner walls, more valves, and no mucles to push along the way.

Afferent lymph vessels empty fluid into lymph nodes

Efferent lymph vessels leave at the hilus of the lymph node

Igg = 1st exposure, no antigens

Igm = 2nd and subsequent exposure, antibodies have been produced and buildt immunity to it

Ige = an increase of these immunoglobulins is associated w/ allergic reactuon or vaccine reaction

Iga

Igd

Oval shaped capsulated structures having ducts for lymph to enter and leave. Produce lymphocytes

-Connective tissue capsul sends trabeculae (branches) into body of lymph nodes

-Cortex - location of lymphocytes
-medulla - contains tissue macrophages inside a coarse, fibrous mesh

Mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in mucous membranes in the peripheral locations (not on lymph vessels). Have no capsule or duct

Found at the beginning off lymph drainage system, not along them and found in larynx, intestine, prepuce, and fagina

AKA MALT (mucosa associated lymphatic tissue)

mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

Large tongue shaped organ in abdomin near tomach.

Made out of reticular fibers and is associated w/ monocyte storage.

Covered w/ fibrous connective tissue capsule and smoothmuscle.

Interior of spleen is divided into white pulp and red pulp

Blood storage in red pulp

Removal of foreign material from circulation by tissue macrophages in red pulp (and removal of bad RBC's)

Lymphocyte cloning in the white pulp durinng immune response

Important in developing immune response in young animals. Located caudal neck and cranial thoracic regions on either side of trachea and made up of lymphocytes and creates T lymphocytes

(Gut associated lymph tissue)

Largest lymphoid organ in the body. Found in intestinal mucosa and submucosa

Contains Peyer patch (aggregated lymphoid nodules) of small intestine and appendix

maintain homeostatis

Filtration

Reabsorption/secretion

Fluid balance regulation

Acid-base balance regulation

Production of hormones

Cuplike extension of renal pelvis into which medullary pyramid fits. Acts as a funnel to direct fluid into renal pelvis

Indented area on medial side where ureters, nerves, blood and lymph vessels enter and leave

Funnel shaped area inside hilus that forms beginning of ureter and lined with transitional epithelium

Filters blood (1st stage in urine production) Composed of glomerulus that surrouded by bowmans capsul. Fluid filtered out of blood is glomerular filtrate

Continuation of bowmans capsul and lined w/ cuboidal epithelial tissue (has brush border on lumen side). Glomerular filtrate is now tubular filtrate

Descending loop has epithelial cuboidal lined w/ bursh border.

Bottom of loop - simple squamous.

Ascending loop becomes thick again

Empty into collecting ducts. Carry tubular filtrate thorugh medulla and empty into renal pelvis. Primary site of action of ADH and regulation of potassium and acid base balance

Primarily occurs in DCT. Hydrogen, potassium and ammonia and some meds eliminated bby secretion

Leave @ hilus and have outer ffibrous layer, middle smooth layer and inner layer lined w/ transitinal epithelium to allow ureters to stretch as uriine passes. Smooth muscle layer propels urine through ureter by peristaltic contractions

Lined w/ transtional epithelium for stretching. The wall will conbtain smooth muscle bundles.

Neck of bladder extends caudally ffrom the sac into the pelvic canal and joins the urethra

Bladder neck has voluntary skeletal muscle around it

Continuation of the neck of the urinary bladder and carries urine from urinary bladder to outside the body

Lined w/ transitional epithelium for expansion

Female urethra is shorter and straighter and opens on the ventral portion of the vestibule

male runs down center of penis

Occurs in seminiferous tubules and con continuously and in large numbers.

Once fully developed they are stored in epididymus

Half are Y and half are X

Occurs in ovarian follicles and produces small number of ova at a time. DOne while female sill in womb

Muscle in testes that passes down through the inguinal ring and attaches to the scrotum allowing it to adjust the position of the testes. helps regulate temp

Opening in abdominal muscles through which the testes descend.

Blood and lymph vessels, nerves, panpiniform plexus, vas deferend and cremaster muscle

veins in testes/spermatic cord that cools off blood going to the testes and warms blood going back to the body

Connective tissue that forms seathlike layer around testes and spermatic cord

Spermatozoa enter from efferent ducts after maturation in seminiferous tubules and stored. Continues until it reaches vas deferens

Head and body region for maturation, tail for storage

AKA ductus deferens

Part of the spermatic cord.

Passes thrrough inguinal ring then separates from spermatic cord and connects with urethra

Surrounds urethra and produces fluid that alkalizes semen to bufffer sperm

Sheet of peritoneum that suspends ovaries, ovaducts and utereus and contains blood vessels and nerves

Ovarian end of brroad ligament attached to body wall by last rib

Fibrous tissue and smooth muscle in lateral fold of the broad ligament on each side.

Reminant of the gubernaculum

in dorsal abdomen near kidneys and site of oogenisis.

produce hormones estrogen and progestin

AKA falopian tubes/uterine tubes.

Extend frrom the tips of the uterine horns

-Infundibulum is the enlarged openinng at the ovarian end of each oviduct

Fimbriae = muscular projections forrm margin off infundibulum and help properly position infundibulum around ovary during ovulation

Hollow muscular Y shaped organ. Carries fetus

-Endometrium
-Myomettrium
-Perimetrrium

Lining composed of simple columnar epithelium and simple tubular glands. Inner portion of uterus

Thick layers of smooth muscle in the uterus (middle layer) starts conractions

Outermost layer of uterus covered by visceral layer of peritonium

Smooth muscle sphincter between the body of the uterus and the vagina.

it controls access to uterus from vagina and is usually closed except during estrus and parturition

Vestible, clitoris and labia. Urethral opening on ffloor of vestible. outer part of the female sex organ

Principle progestin hormone. Produced by the corpus luteum of the ovary and it helps prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum and helps maintain pregnancy. Corpus luteum produces progestins

Hormone that promotes the development of female characteristics )female sex hormones

Produced by anterior pituitary gland and is the hormone that stimulates the growth and development of follicles in the ovaries of the female

-spermatogenisis in the seminiferous tubules in males

Anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates ovulation and then causes the empty follicle to develop into the corpus luteum

1 - Proestrus

2 - estrus

3 - metestrus

4 - Diestrus

5- Anestrus

Follicles begin developing and growing and outut of estrogen increases.

Lining of ovaduct, uterus and vagina thicken and vaginal epithelium begins to cornify

Period of sexual receptivity in female. Estrogen lvl production peaks and ovulation will occur

Development of corpus luteum. This will produce progesterone which inhibits follicular development in the ovary.

The liningg of the uterus prepeares for inplantation of the fertilized ovum and cornified epithelium is lost

Corpus lutium is at the maximum size and effect. If an egg implanted the corpus luteum remains into pregnancy, if no implantation the corpus lutium will degenerate at end of diestrus

Ovulation inactivity and seen in seasonally polyestrus, diestrus and monoestrous animals.

Ovary temporarily shuts down

One cycle per year.

Minks and foxes

Cycle continuously throughout the year if not pregnant, never enter into anestrus.

Cattle, swine, peoplez

Cycle continually at certain tiems of the year

Horses, sheep, and cats

Have 2 cyles a year, usually in spring and fall.

Dogs

Produced by anterior pituitary and is the hormone that helps trigger and maintain lactation

Physical stimulation of teat and regular removal of milk from gland stimulates prolactin production to continue

Lack of hormonal stimulation and decrease in pressure in the mammary gland gradually causes lactation to cease