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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
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100 mmHg
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partial pressure of cardon dioxide in arterial blood
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40 mmHg
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partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood
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40 mmHg
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partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood
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46 mmHg
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Partial pressure of oxygen in dry inspired air
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160 mmHg
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Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in dry inspired air
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0 mmHg
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partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air
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100 mmHg
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partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveolar air
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40 mmHg
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Total lung capacity
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6.0 L
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Functional residual capacity
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2.4 L
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Vital capacity
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4.7 L
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Tidal volume
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0.5 L
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Breathing rate
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15 breaths/min
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Physiological dead space
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0.15 L
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Forced vital capacity
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4.7 L
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Atmospheric pressure
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760 mm Hg
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Hemoglobin concentration
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15g/100 ml
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oxygen binding capacity of Hb
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1.34 mL oxygen/ g Hb
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Oxygen consumption
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250 mL/min
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Cardon dioxide production
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200 mL/min
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Respiratory exchange quotient
(Carbon dioxide production/oxygen consumption) |
0.8
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Describe diffuse limited exchange
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diffusion limited exchange: amount of gas that gets across the alveolar/capillary barrier is limited by the diffusion process: AMOUNT OF GAS
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Describe perfusion-limited exchange
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Perfusion limited exchange: amount of gas that gets across the alveolar/capillary barrier is limited by the blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries: AMOUNT OF BLOOD
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Contrast diffusion limited exchange with perfusion limited exchange
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Amount of gas limits diffusion limited exchange
Amount of blood limits perfusion limited exchange |
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State wether gas exchange is diffusion or perfusion limited for Exercise?
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diffusion limited
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state whether gas exchange is diffusion or perfusion limited while at rest?
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perfusion limited
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state whether gas exchange is perfusion or diffusion limited in emphysema.
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Diffusion limited
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state whether gas exchange is limited by perfusion or diffusion in Fibrosis.
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diffusion limited
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describe the special condition at high altitude that make oxygen transport difficult.
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Barometric pressure is reduces, this is the Arterial Partial Pressure of Oxygen to 50 mmHg
Diffusion decreases and equilibration occurs slower |
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Contrast pulmonary and systemic blood flow
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pulmonary blood flow mean is about 15 mmHg : vessels are lower resistance and higher compliance
Systemic blood flow mean is about 93 mmHg: vessels are higher resistance and lower compliance |
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why do pulmonary arteries tend to constrict in areas of poor ventilation?
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Pulmonary arterioles constrict in area of poor ventilation to direct blood flow away from them and towards area of good ventilation
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Under what conditions is vasoconstriction counterproductive when it comes to pulmonary arteries constricting in response to poor ventilation
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Counter productive in high altitude and with with spread lung disease (multilobar pnumonia) because of insufficient areas of well ventilated alveoli
Hypoxemia will occur |
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Describe how NO causes pulmonary blood vessels to dilate
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NO facilitates the conversion to cGMP which results in Calcium staying in the sarcoplasmic reticulum which leads to smooth muscle relaxation
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what conditions are responsible for global pulmonary vasoconstriction in fetal lungs?
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Fetal vasoconstriction happens because the lungs not receiving oxygen and therefore it is not beneficial to have a high blood flow
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Low oxygen in unexpanded lungs causes ________ _________ _______ in fetal lungs
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global pulmonary vasoconstriction
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Describe the effects of Thromboxane A2 on pulmonary blood flow
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Thromboxane A2: vasoconstricts the arterioles from lung endothelial cells and WBC
decreases pulmonary blood flow |
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Describe the effects of Prostacyclins on pulmonary blood flow
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Vasodilates the arterioles from lung endothelial cells
increases pulmonary blood flow |
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Describe the effects of Leukotrienes on pulmonary blood flow
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causes airway CONSTRICTION
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How do Leukotrienes cause airway constriction
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decrease ventilation
decrease gas exchange of pulmonary blood flow |
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Define physiological shunt
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A physiological shunt is a rerouting or diversion of blood flow that is not pathologic
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Give three examples of a physiologic shunt
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Thesbian veins: drain low oxygen blood into heart chambers, primarily the right side
ductus arteriosus: only physiologic in fetus Forman ovale: only physiologic in fetus |
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True or False
Tetralogy of fallot and patent ductus arteriosus are considered pathological shunts |
True
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Describe the type of shunt found in tetralogy of fallot
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Right to Left shunt
Results in Hypoxemia |
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Describe the type of shunt found in patent ductus arteriosus
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Left to right shunt
more common does NOT cause Hypoxemia |
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Describe how ventilation/perfusion ratios are calculated
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ventilation/perfusion ratios are calculated by taking the alveolar ventilation rate divided by the liters of blood the lungs receive (V/Q)
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What is the normal ventilation/perfusion rate
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Normal = 0.8 or 80%
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Give some examples of ventilation/perfusion mismatches
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1. An embolism will create a mismatch: more air than blood to diffuse it into (will increase dead space for normal ventilation) V/Q > 0.8
2. Choking will create a mismatch: more blood flow than air (normal perfusion but low to zero ventilation) V/Q <0.8 |
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What makes ventilation/perfusion rates decrease?
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Decreased AIR flow
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what makes ventilation/perfusion rates increase?
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decreased BLOOD flow
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What are the centers in the pons and medulla that are responsible for breathing rate?
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Pons: Pneumotaxi center (inhibitory- turns off inspiration)
Apneustic center: promotes deep breathes (diaphragm contacts more and inspiratory gasp are prolonged) - stimulatory Medulla: Dorsal Respiratory Group: always in operation: controls inspiration: stimulatory Ventral respiratory group: inactive during quiet breathing, receive spill over input from dorsal respiratory group: used for heavy expiration |
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what is the function of the dorsal respiratory group? where is it found
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It is found in the Medulla
Dorsal respiratory group controls inspiration Is ALWAYS in operation STIMULATORY |
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What is the function of the ventral respiratory group? where is it found?
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Ventral respiratory group is inactive during quiet breathing and receives spill over input from dorsal respiratory group
USED FOR HEAVY EXPIRATION Found in the Medulla |
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Where is the pneumotaxic center found? Function?
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Pons
Promotes fast shallow breathing limites the size of tidal volume by turning off inspiration before it gets to big INHIBITORY of the phrenic nerve Action Potentials |
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Where is the apneustic center found? Function?
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Pons
Promotes deep breathes Diaphragm contracts more and inspiratory gasp are prolonged STIMULATORY |
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Which substance do central chemoreceptors detect?
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Sense H+ but not in the blood
Carbon dioxide can cross the BBB and is converted along with water to H+ and H2CO3 then this H+ is sensed by central receptors |
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Which substance do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?
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These are in the carotid and aortic bodies
Sense changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH |
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what happens to the breathing rate in response to decreased PO2?
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breathing rate increases
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what happens to breathing rate in response to increased PCO2?
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breathing rate increases
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what happens to the breathing rate in response to decreased arterial pH?
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breathing rate increases
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Peripheral chemoreceptors will increase breathing rate in response to what?
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decreased PO2 (<60 mmHg)
increase in arterial PCO2 decrease in arterial pH (increase in H+) |
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Define Hering-Breuer reflex.
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Receptors in airway smooth muscle that detect stretch (over inflation) > leads to inhibition of apneustic center inspiration neurons (inhibition of deep breathing)
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___________ responds to overinflation of the lungs, receptors in airway smooth muscle lead to inhibition of apneustic center (PONS) excitatory neurons
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Hering-Breuer reflex
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What effects will limb movement have on the pulmonary system?
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Limb movements: joint and muscle receptors instruct inspiratory center to increase breathing rate > breathing is increased in anticipation of high oxygen demands
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what effects will noxious chemicals have on the pulmonary system?
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Noxious chemicals cause airway constriction and increase rate of breathing (breathing becomes more rapid and shallow)
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Explain why acetazolimide is used to treat altitude sickness.
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1. will increase bicarb excretion by inhibiting reabsorption in the kidneys
2. Results in mild acidosis which will lead to increased hyperventilation 3. The decrease in oxygen will also signal to increase hyperventilation 4. The brain does not get competing signal (mild alkalosis > decrease ventilation and decrease Oxygen > decrease ventilation) |
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List some physiological compensation for high altitude.
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Hyperventilation
Polycythemia (increase RBCs) Shift of Hb dissociation curve to the right (low affinity) |
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When there is a right curve shift of the Hb dissociation curve what does this indicate?
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Unloading of Oxygen in the tissue become easier
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Define HYPOXEMIA
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Hypoxemia is decrease in arterial P O2
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What are some causes of Hypoxemia?
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high altitude
hypoventilation diffusion defect V/Q defect Right to Left shunt |
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Define HYPOXIA
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Decrease Oxygen delivery to tissue is hypoxia
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List some possible causes of Hypoxia
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decreased delivery of oxygen to tissue
Decreased Cardiac Output Hypoxemia Anemia CO poisoning CN poisoning |
