Respiratory System Exam 2 cards

Most common clinical manifestation of infectious pneumonia in children <6 months old

Most common pneumonia-causing bacteria from birth to 1 month

Most common pneumonia-causing bacteria from 1 month to 6 months

Most common pneumonia-causing viruses (2) from birth to 1 month

Most common pneumonia-causing virus from 1 month to 6 months

Most common ATYPICAL pneumonia-causing bacteria from 1 month to 6 months

The three common atypical agents causing pneumonia in kids

Before its vaccine was made, it was the leading cause of death by communicable dz in kids <14 yo

What's so dangerous about pertussis in very young infants?

Which age group doesn't present with the characteristic 'whoop' if infected with B. pertussis?

An afebrile child presents with facial petechiae, scleral hemorrhages and vomiting after coughing

What is the major lab finding in pertussis?

When and how does an infant get chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia?

What are the 4 clinical manifestations of chlamydia trachomatic pneumonia

In infants, bronchopneumonia is mostly caused by

Most common cause of pneumonia in children

two infections that can cause apnea in infants

Infant presents with sepsis-like illness with apnea

Who can get the flu vaccine?

If a child presents with pneumonia and CXR shows pleural effusions, what do you think of?

Are sputum samples helpful in children with pneumnonia?

FOR ANY PNEUMONIA......

If a child presents with TB..what do you ask about?

If a child is found at risk for TB by HISTORY..what do you do next?

In children, what's better for TB, a PPD test or sputum sample?

2 most common clinical manifestations of TB in kids (similar to adults..)

5 listed Extrapulmonary Diseases in children. What age children are most at risk for extrapulmonary dz?

Risk factors for early childhood persistent asthma

In older children, what are the two clinical manifestations of asthma?

In younger children, what is the clinical manifestation of asthma?

What are the 4 main triggers of asthma?

In kids, asthma symptoms tend to worsen with __________ infections and ________ allergens

Three main DDx for a pt presenting with S&S of asthma

The normals for PFT testing in kids is based upon what three factors?

What's the earliest age the kid can be to do a PFT?

Kid comes in with purulent, foul smelling discharge from his R nostril...Ddx?

Cobble stoning of posterior pharynx is a sign of what?

In a person with allergic rhinitis, their smear of nasal secretions may reveal ________

What is the dx and tx for common cold?

What is the natural course of a common cold?

Infant is born with these two sinuses.

One of these doesn't pneumonize until _____ yo.

Sphenoid sinuses present by ___ yo

Frontal sinuses begin forming at _____ yo

Most common cause of sinusitis in peds?

What are the predisposing conditions that may lead to sinusitis?

What two symptoms of sinusitis are usually present in adults but absent in children?

Dx of sinusitis is based on what?

What are the 2 main criteria?

What is the most accurate method of dx sinusitis..but it's also not very practical?

When would you use a CT for sinusitis?

periorbital cellulitis, osteomyelitis of frontal bone (Pott puffy tumor) and meningitis are all complications of what?

What is the peak incidence and prevalence for Otitis Media?

Most common bacterial cause of AOM?

Do all kids with AOM present with symptoms?

You see a kid who comes in to your office and is holding his ear, he has fever and is very agitated...DDx?

Dx of OM is based on what?

If a kid presents with sx of OM, what can you use to get objective evidence of middle ear effusion?

A kid has OME...you should consider Myringotomy w/ tympanostomy tubes if he's had unilateral OME continuously for __________ months or bilateral OME continuously for _______ months, OR he has evidence of ________

All cases of AOM are techanically accompanied by _________.....and if you suspect this, you must obtain a ____

What's the Tx for acute mastoiditis?

Most common pathogen causing Otitis Externa

When would you consider oral or parentral ABX for otitis externa?

Sore throat in kids is 90% _______

Infectious mononucleosis in kids is due to what bug?

Infectious Mononucleosis is rare in children < ____ yo and adults > ___ yo

What's the dz that presents with exudative tonsillitis
generlized cervical adenitis
Fever/fatigue
splenomegaly

Dx of infectious mononucleosis is based on what?

How do you tx infectious mononucleosis?

Herpangina is due to what bug?

What does it present with?

Stomatitis is caused by what bug?

How does it present?

Hand, Foot and Mouth Dz is caused by what bug?

How does it present?

Pharyngoconjuncunctival fever is caused by what bug?

How does it present?

Can you swab for this bug?

Acute Bacteria Pharyngitis AKA STREP is caused by what bug?

How does strep infection present in kids?

If a kid comes in with continuous strep infections..what's the criteria to remove his tonsils?

A kid presents with sudden onset of violent coughing w/o any other signs

When should you admit a kid with pertussis to the hospital?

Which child pneumonia causing bug can be the cause of an URTI that progresses to a LRTI?

The two childhood infections that can lead to apnea

How old does an infant have to be to get a PPD?

A kid often gets ear infections..what are two important outside factors that you need to know?

Three bacteria that most commonly cause AOM

What's the mnemonic for virulence factors for Moraxella catarrhalis?

If someone presents with sinusitis, what is the strongest reason to Tx with ABX?

What are the four true systemic fungal pathogens that infect the resp tract?

Which fungal dz can cause granuloma/calcification formations in the lungs?

Fungi common in the Ohio-Mississippi

Which fungus turns to arthrospores and gets picked up by dust storms?

Which fungus turns to yeast in the body, then spherules which divide and produce endospores?

Which fungus lives in dry soiled areas?

Which of these two can dissiminate to other organs, and which one can't? (histoplasmosis & coccidioidomycosis)

A pt comes in with flu-like sx, you do a sputum sample and find a lot of SPHERULES. Dx?

Fungus passed to humans through dogs?

Fungal infection by inhalation of spores, but commonly presents only as cutaneous lesions

Blastomycosis follows the same pattern as __________ and thus can get _________ & _________ in the lungs

AOM requires the presence of middle ear effusion and most of the follow: (4 things)

Blastomycosis is commonly found in which geographic locations?

Which fungus is present in tropical/subtropical areas of central & south america & can cause cutaneous & mucocutaneous ulcers?

What are the three pathogenic mechanisms of aspergillus fumigatus?

Identification of hyphae in sputum is dx for what?

What four fungi can cause Zygomycosis?

In whom do Zygomycosis infections (Rhizopus) commonly present in?

What's the virulence factor of Stachybotrys chartrum? What does this virulence factor do?

Cauliflower ear deformity is usually due to _____

Destructive and expanding growth consisting of keratinizing squamous epithelium in the middle ear

When debriding a cerumen filled ear, what nerve branch could cause coughing if stimulated?

List the 5 things that could cause Sensorineural Hearing loss

What is the triad in Meniere's Syndrome?

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo is due to disorders of the ______________

What are some non-otologic etiologies of vertigo?

For which type of epistaxis might you do endoscopic cauterization & arterial ligation procedures?

In Atropic Rhinitis, rhinorrhea is most commonly associated with _______ and ___________

Rhinitis medicamentosa is associated with using what?

A "saddle nose deformity" can be caused by what 4 things?

Hyperplasia of nasal tissue

If a pt can't breath through their nose, & no infectious process is found..what is the MAIN etiology?

Tx for this?

Which process, usually exclusive to children, can cause difficulty breathing through the nose?

Vasomotor rhinitis is _______ and usually due to a _________ issue. commonly occurs when ___________________

Recurrent Acute Sinusitis

Does bacteria or viral caused Acute Sinusitis usually present with UNILATERAL facial & forehead pain?

Bacterial or viral?"

Sinusitis where the pain gets worsened by bending over, valsalva maneuver, facial swelling, "toothache" & poor response to decongestants

What is the criteria for sinusitis?

Do kids tend to have more viral or bacterial sinusitis?

Periorbital cellulitis can be found in ______ with _______, and can cause the _______ to shut

Rhinitis is a group of disorders characterized by 1 or more of these sx: (4)

The most common type of chronic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis peaks in what age group?

How can allergic rhinitis lead to sinusitis?

Three reasons why the pt's sinusitis may not get better after tx

Absolute indications for sinus surgery

Most common reason why ENT's receive calls after a pt has a tonsillectomy

Most common cause for complaints of otalgia that ENT's see in their office

CN V has which branch which involves the ear?

CN VII has which branch which involves the ear?

CN IX has which branch which involves the ear?

CN X has which branch which involves the ear?

The center for the sensation of otalgia is located in the ________________

Primary cell that predominates in effusions

If someone presents with ear ache, what other thing do you have to access aggressively?

Which two nerves near the TMJ can cause referred pain to the ear?

Which two nerves, near the nose can cause referred pain to the ear from sinusitis?

Because this nerve pretty much owns the face, if it gets aggitated, it could present as ear pain

Rhinogenic headaches
Sx & What is the cause?

Chronic treatment of empyema

Which nerves supply the upper aerodigestive tract?

Since the vagus nerve runs caudally, irritation of these three organs in the chest could lead to otalgia by irritation the ___________ of CN 9 and the __________ of CN 10

What are the two common causes of earaches in children? What is not common in children..but may be in adults?

In trigeminal neuralgias, burning pain & sx are referred along its _____________

In geniculate neuralgias, burning pain & sx are referred along the _____________; It's often present in ______________ syndrome, with pain within the __________

In sphenopalatine and vidian neuralgias, burning pain & sx are referred along the ______ and _______

In glossopharyngeal neuralgias, pain & sx are referred along the ______ as well as cause phantom ___________

Name the three atypical otologic etiologies which may cause ear pain

What other DDx should always be considered when dealing with otalgia?

What is the potential complication of inverted papilloma?

A pt gets excessive pain upon palpation of tonsils...Dx?

Name the two main etiologies of pneumothorax and their subtypes

Large pneumothorax has acute onset of ipsilateral ________ & ___________

In a pneumothorax, does your HR & BP increase or decrease?

To increase recovery from pneumothorax, what can you give?

In pt's with pneumothorax, when do you do a thoracoscopy or open thoracotomy?

What's chemical pleurodesis?

What's the most common source of bleeding in a hemothorax?

Tension pneumothorax is what kind of diagnosis?

Why do people with tension pneumothorax die?

Most common site of aortic transection

Most common finding at autopsy of pts who died at the scene of a MVA

What's the Beck's Triad?

What FAST used for?

Transudates happen most commonly in what dz process:

Exudates happen most commonly in what dz process:

Pleural effusions: increased hydrostatic pressure most common in:

Pleural effusions: decreased oncotic pressure most common in:

Which kind of tumors are most commonly cause of chylothorax

Pleural effusions: increased permeability of vessels is due to:

Pleural effusions: impaired lymphatic drainage is due to:

Pleural effusions: if communication with peritoneal space exists, a pleural effusion could be caused by:

***BLOODY EFFUSIONS OFTEN DENOTE:

Most common cause of malignant pleural effusion

Most common cause of Chylothorax
2nd most common cause?

Complication of pneumonia...that causes effusion

How do u tx parapneumonic effusions?

What are the three stages of empyema (a parapneumonic effusion)?

What is the tx for empyema?

Can you TX mesothelioma? What are the options?

Most common primary neoplasm of the anterior/superior mediastinum

Which tumor involves the germ cell layers?

How can we help decrease lung cancer as physicians?

Tumors arising centrally in large airways can produce:

Tumors arising peripherally can produce:

Upper, inner arm pain with weakness & parasthesias, and decrease motor control of hand

Paravertebral & sympathetic nerve involvement is common in what Syndrome?

Isolated chest pain..a common presentation of lung cancer?

What are the four main clinical manifestations of lung cancer?

What two screening methods have helped to detect tumors at a more operable stage for HIGH RISK patients?

Most common type of lung cancer

Which lung cancer is the only one that travels by LYMPH?

Which lung cancer spreads really FAST?

Which lung cancer spreads really SLOW? why?

Stachybotrys chartum causes what certain resp. problem?

What is the staging of small cell carcinoma?

In non-small cell carcinoma ______________ is the primary form of tx

In small-cell carcinoma, ________________ is the primary form of tx

What type of staging determines resectability?

Mediastinal nodes > ______ are defined as pathological.

Does everyone with these sized nodes have cancer?

If the nodes are less than this size, are they definitely non-pathological?

What's the best method of identifying mediastinal tumors?

In identifying metastic tumors, what's better to use: CT, MRI, PET scan?

Surgery is most effective tx method for which type of cancer and stages?

What is the most frequently performed procedure for early stage lung cancer?

Name the signs of inoperability

Pallative tx method in cancer

What is stereotactic radiation?

Most common cause of Pancoast Tumor/Syndrome?

Pt presents with hypercalcemia & notice there's a lot of PTH in his body

Pt presents with decreased plasma Na & hyposmolarity

Pt presents with clubbing...what cancer is it associated with?

Person has new bone formation in extremities...was Dx with Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy...what cancer is this associated with?

Paraneoplastic Syndromes for Small Cell Cancer

Paraneoplastic Syndromes for Squamous Cell Ca?

Paraneoplastic Syndromes for Adenocarcinoma?

Paraneoplastic Syndromes for Large Cell Cancer

A male comes in and has gynocomastia and has milky nipple discharge...what cancer is this associated with?

Define characteristics of a solitary pulmonary nodule

If you see a lesion on a CT and it is a 'central fat' lesion..it's probably a ________

If you see a lesion on a CT and it has 'central calcifications' it's probably a ________

If you see a single lesion on a CT and it has speculations or lobulations, it's probably a

Who's more likely to present with a MALIGNANT solitary pulmonary nodule?

Management of solitary pulmonary node

Most common sources of lung metastasis?

Most common agent causing ATYPICAL pnemonia in infants 1-6 months old

Two bacterial infections in kids which may NOT cause a fever

Fungus that causes flu-like patchy pneumonia

Fungus that is described as "snowstorm" like pattern on CXR

Which fungus has antiphagocytic properties?

If a pt is dx with coccidioiomycosis, you should tell him that the sx will resolve in ______ weeks

A guy has been a farmer and malt worked for the past 40 years. He presents with sx very similar to asthma. He says that he does have an inhaler, but his sx are getting worse despite using it.

What could this be?

To be sure, you take a sputum sample..what will you find that's dx of this bug?

Galactomannan Ag is located on what bug?

Diabetic Ketoacidosis pt's can commonly get this fungal dz..

At how many weeks does the fetus begins to "breath" and move fluid around?

Can probably save a baby that is ____ weeks..if younger, can't

At what trimester do IgG pass from mother to fetus?

How long does a newborn have mom's immunity?

Which Ab are learned?

At how many weeks do Type I pneumocytes form?

Type II pneumocytes release surfactant when they are ________

Hb binds O2 at the lungs when _______ (alkalotic or acidotic)

Hb releases O2 at muscle tissues when _________ (alkalotic or acidotic)

Blood pH & Diet:
increasing carb diet produces (increased/low) amount of CO2

Blood pH & Diet:
increasing fat diet produces (increased/low) amount of CO2

How are atelectasis & dead space differ?

Hypoxic pumonary vasoconstriction occurs in response to MAINTAIN ______ in (atelectasis or dead space)

If a child has atelectasis (due to pneumonia, hemorrhage, etc), and you give him albuterol, what will happen to his pulse ox reading?

Will the child act/feel worse?

9 yo boy presents with a "white-out" on CXR, tachypenic, & his pulse-ox drops when you give him a beta-agonist. What physiological process is going on?

In dead space, is V/Q maintained or is abnormal?

We are kept pink by the amount of gas that is ____________________.

How much volume of air do we breath?

The 5's - the Basic Goals of Anesthesia

When giving anesthesia, what kind of problems can cause 'silent infarctions'?

What are the seven Standard ASA monitors for anesthesia?

Under anesthesia, patients are at risk for ASPIRATIONS. Pt's who are at most risk for aspirations are:

Explain rapid sequence induction

How is malignant hyperthermia dx?

What are the triggering agents?

What's the treatment for MH?

What are the anesthetic agents?

Narcotic agents contain what letters?

Inhalation anesthetics contain what letters?

non-depolarizing muscle relaxants contain what letters?

Local anesthetics contain what letters?

clinical features of gaucher

What's the most common of all anterior mediastinal masses?

5 most common sites of distant metastasis for lung cancer.

What is the most important determinant of cancer patient's outcome?

Pancoast Tumor/Syndrom is mainly due to what type of cancer?

Which cancer has hyperchromatic nuclei