restore art 2

ratio of measurements between length and width of nasal cavity

A. Nasal Index
B. Length of Nasal Skeleton
C. Width of Nasal Skeleton
D. Classification of Three Major Racial Types

1. Leptorrhine
2. Mesorrhine
3. Platyrrhine

means nose –
classification;
long thin high bridged nose usually associated with Caucasian race

nose of moderate length & width
lower & broader at bridge
yellow, oriental race

plat means flat
short, broad, low bridged nose afro-American race

bluish-white
semi-opaque
rubbery
living material
has cells trapped in matrix;
all cartilage in body is doomed to die
dies well before person

triangular
on mid-line
makes up part of nasal septum
called median cartilage (helps to divide nasal cavity in half)

(2) triangular
give form and support to sides of nose (right and left)

(2) U-shape
surround nares
right and left
responsible for producing bilobation (bilobated nose)

two lobes to nose with a cleft or depression mid-line

study of muscles
used for RA and Anatomy for muscles of head and neck

study of function
function of any muscle can only do one thing (contract), muscles never push

less movable
more fixed point of attachment, usually bone (anchor)

more movable point of attachment (insertion always moves toward origin)
Belly – in between

grooves in skin at right angles (perpendicular) to muscle fibers that cause them

Contraction of Muscles of Expression
Emaciation
Atrophy
Dehydration (increases grooves in skin)
loss of fat-immediately under the skin and fascia

shrinking;
wasting away of muscle

Natural Facial Markings

1. Temporalis
2. Masseter

(2)
origin – temporal bone (squama)
insertion – coronoid process of mandible

(2)
origin – zygomatic bone
insertion – immediately in front of angle of jaw

Cutaneous Muscles

origin-occiptal bone (back of head)
insertion – scalp (Galea Aponeurotica

scalp, broad flat tendon
- Occipitofrontalis
- Epicranius

origin –scalp
insertion – into skin of forehead
- Mutilple Fasciculi

lays over bridge of nose; vertical fibers
origin – inferior nasal bones insertion – into skin between eyes

(Angles are Corners)
circular muscle, in lips.
origin – on mandible and maxilla by multiple fasciculi
insertion – multiple fasciculi into skin and mucus membrane of lips (and red lips)

(Angulus Oris Eminence) Origin – on cheek bone (zygomatic bone)
insertion – into skin at corners of mouth
- Zygomatic muscle described as smile muscle
- Makes up top of angular oral eminence

(Trumpeters)
makes up part of walls of cheeks to support
deep to masseter which it sandwiches
origin – in skin over molar teeth in back
insertion – into skin at corner of mouth
- Makes up middle part of angular oral eminence

Depressor
origin – on line of jaw (mandible)
insertion – into skin atcorner of
mouth
-Makes up lower portion of angular oral eminence

(Levator)
elevates skin of upper lip as in a sneer (Elvis – curl of lip) expression
origin – lower portion of bony eye socket
insertion – into tarsal plate of upper lid

Depressor Anguli Oris
center of expression
corners of the mouth, pulls down the corners of mouth as in a frown

(Depressor)
origin – mandible (inferior maxillary bone, lower jaw)
insertion – skin of lower lip

– mentum = chin
muscle making up chin
origin – top of mandible
insertion – skin of chin
responsible for cleft chin, which is a fossa or dimple on the mid-line depression on muscle; bilobated chin)

marks top of chin, bottom of mouth

(2) –
only muscle to close eyes (circular)
origin – on bony orbit by many bundles, insertion – many bundles into skin over orbit

(2 – right and left)
only muscle to open eye lids
origin – back inside orbit on upper orbital bones
insertion – into tarsal plate of upper lid (part that moves over eye ball to open it)

(2, upper and lower)
tarsus means bend, like an ankle
cilia are like feet into bend of tarsus (anchoring hairs of lashes –tape)

tough connective tissue, sealed shut for tears

same as above, anchor for cilia/lashes

(2) –
V-shaped muscles of forehead active in a frown expression
origin – on medial superciliary arch, insertion – run upward to insertion, skin over middle of brow (pull skin over middle of brow on a slant towards mid-line)

(1)
very thin, broad, flat muscle
origin – clavicle (collar bone)
insertion – runs on a slant, upward, over the jaw to the corners of mouth (skin at corner of mouth)

strap of muscle
origin – sternum and clavicle
insertion – mastoid process of temporal bone

Two vertical protrusions on either side of mid-line in elderly, made up of muscles

Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Digasteric

runs vertical from sternum to thyroid cartilage of voice box; origin – sternum
insertion – thyroid cartilage

vertical, runs from sternum up to hyoid (on top)
origin – sternum
insertion – hyoid bone

makes up top of each cord (double bellied muscle) front/anterior
origin – sternohyroid (on top under skin) right on sternum.
insertion – hyoid bone,
– help swallow

Origin- mandible.
Insertion- hyoid

posterior belly
origin: Mastoid process
insertion: hyoid

from mid-point of belly of one SCM to mid-point of belly of opposite SCM.

reference to skin

over dermis (outside)
paper thin
external
primary layer of skin

deep
internal
thick primary layer of skin
blood vessels course through dermis

done by stipple brush (stiff/firm bristle with circular base)
firm bristle, makes like tiny holes in wax that look like pores
pores make it look like texture of skin

(Strata) - layers

ancient Greek sculpting
harmonious relationship of features to face and to each other

unharmonious relationship of features to face and to each other

head is measured by 2 horizontal lines
one across vertex
one across the base of chin

--- 7.5 to 8 head lengths

divided into 3rd’s by 4 lines.
1. Across vertex of head
2. Across line of brow (extend back to ear to catch top)
3, Across base of nose (extend back to ear to catch bottom)
4. Across base of chin

base of nose to base of chin
1. Across base of nose
2. Across line of closure of red lips
3. Across top labiomental sulcus
4. Across base of chin
5. All = 1/9 of entire length of face
---Things equal to same thing equal each other

--dimension from normal hair line to:
A. Line of Closure of Red Lips – 7/9th of length of face
B. Labiomental sulcus – 8/9th of length of face
--dimension from line of brow to:
A. Line of Closure of Rep Lips – 4/9th
B. Labiomental sulcus – 5/9th

1/3 and 1/3 in cannon = 2/3
From tip of lobe of nose to external auditory meatus (ear passage)
From one ear passage straight through head (straight across face) to other ear passage = 2/3 length of face – 5 eye widths

measurement used for width is one eye (width of eye is measured by a straight line from canthus to opposite canthus)

Zygomatic Arch

1.5 Eye Widths

width of one eye.

width of one eye.

width of 3 eyes.

5 eye widths.
5 eye widths = 2/3 length of face

vertically aligned with middle of eye

2 eye widths

base of nose.

width of mouth.

1/3.
1/3 is 2.5 eye widths.

3.5 eye widths.

1. eye is drawn to nose in supine casketed body; drawn due to contrast (darks shadows in nares)
2. nose protrudes from rest of face
3. nose is located in middle third of face

anterior ridge of nose
it begins (up above) at root and goes down to tip of lobe.

point where frontal bone touches nasal bones

dome shaped area supported by nasal bones

most anterior projection of lobe (bottom of dorsum)

large rounded ball-like anterior portion of nose

form external lateral walls of nostrils (form widest part of nose; intersect medial canti)

located just above each wing, triangular

(anterior nares/nostrils) – external openings at base of nose;
each nares is separated by columna nasi

column of nose
movable septum

In profile view nose is bisected by upper lip

classified on basis of profile view

linear outline of dorsum forms a straight line

linear outline forms a gentle external curvature
aquiline classification or eagle beak (hook nose)

linear outline forms a gentle internal curvature
pug nose, tip of lobe projects upward

based on linear outline of nasal septum

at a right angle to vertical plane of upper lip

septum projects upward from vertical plan of upper lip

septum projects downward toward vertical plan of upper lip

combine to produce lower 1/3rd of face (anguli oris mark center of expression

skin covered
goes all way up to nose and wraps about edge of wings on each side

skin covered
all way down to top of chin

mucus membrane

mucus membrane

perceptible line formed at junction of red lips
anterior to weather line

perceptible line where change from dry external red lip to moist internal red lip occurs (from outside back into moisture)
posterior to line of closure

center of expression

elevation immediately lateral and slightly superior to angulus oris; is found in both lips (upper and lower)

only found in lower lip;
groove immediately medial to angulus oris eminence

vertical groove in median plane of upper lip

arched groove that starts on top of wing and deepens around back of wing;
forms a sharp angle with nasolabiol fold (in upper most part of upper lip)

most commonly is parenthetically shaped (parenthesis) – some triangular, some inverted triangular – “Cupid’s Bow” arrangement to upper lip

change of plane from red lip to integumentary lip

2 lobes;
is thicker, but narrower than upper red lip

3 lobes

5

1. Lower Integumentary Lip
2. Labiomental Sulcus
3. Bilobation

natural marking caused by muscles;
arched groove, highest at mid-line;
marks top of chin and bottom of mouth

Presents an external convexity

Center;
eye patch placed on orbit would represent anterior plane of orbit, would not be swollen or sunken

lateral rim of orbit

mucus membrane which lines back of eye lids and front of eye ball

cover 2/3 length of orbit;
upper 3 quarters of optic ball is covered by upper lid

under line of closure, bottom 3rd of length of orbit

arched between corners;
arched inferiorly, lowest part is right in center of eye

outer canthi are shaped like an upside down V
inner corners are horizontal in form

eyebrow – 3 parts:
head
body
tail

inverted triangular depression, between nose and orbit (natural)

originates under medial canthus,
descends on bony orbit on slant (or oblique) to diminish in depth and ends about mid-orbit

hair of lash;
inverted triangles and irregularly clustered

immediately above oblique palpebral sulcus;
fullness, opposite of sulcus

“Crow’s Feet”

only in upper lid;
sagging fold of tissue, may occur

(tarsal plates upper and lower) made of tough connective tissue and anchors lashes in eye

normal hairline

formed by the line of the brow

– 2 –
lines of temples
>>>Begin mid-zygomatic bones and rise on orbits to arch up over temporal bones

horizontal

vertical

>Convex - protrudes out
>Vertical – straight line with upper lip
>Sinuous – S-formed forehead

1 central (or anterior) plane flanked by 2 lateral planes (right and left);
total of 3 planes all way back to temples
deleniated by two vertical lines run through centers of frontal eminences.

top of nasolabiol fold just along side wing of nose

2 diaganal lines that begin mid point of 2 zygomatic bones down to mental tubrical of each side.

as sub mandibular area, flat surface under mandible all way back to neck. (anterior division to it just before second chin called sub mental area, tiny)

2, right and left all way back to ears.

mid point zygomatic bones back across zygomatic arches to the ears.

front of ear down along back of ramus to angle

angle to mental tubricle, X.

angle of tubricle, inferior boundry of lateral plane on both side

elevation in surface form.

a recurved surface form

groove,

round or elongated depression in surface form most presented on a baby.
Way you tell difference if it presents on a babies face, it's natural.

aquired over time

new born

naturally present congenital at birth

natural, midline depression located in upper integumentary lip
3 forms: inverted triangular, parenthetical, triangular
parenthetical is most common.

different from naso labia sulcus, it's natural
recurved surface conture, forms a sharp angle with nasal sulcus.
Superior lateral margins of lip

arched groove around each wing of nose.
Deeply cut in back, not caused by muscle contractions, natural.

originates immediately under medial canthas,
decends on slant on boney orbit
deminish in depth and end at mid orbit.

only acception to sulcus rule, is natural aka genetic.
Always is corner of mouth no matter what it hooked up to, center of expression.
Elevation at corner of mouth,
in both lips and made up of natural muscle

>Zygomaticus: makes up the top of the eminense
>buccinator and >ryzorius: middle made up of 2 muscle
trianguluris- bottom made up of.

marks the top of chin, bottom of mouth

depression, groove, immediately medial to angulus oris eminence (only in lower lip)

groove on a baby right before and under 2nd chin.

abnormal fossa sometimes multiple
round or enlongated (form of cleft because muscle not all away across).
When cleft on chin produces bilobation (2 lobes of mentalis muscle on either side of dimple

1st- muscle movements, at right angles to muscles that make them.
markings in skin are perfect right angles to muscle fiber.
2nd- dehydration of skin, makes deeper.
3rd-Atrophy, w/o nutrition of muscle get smaller and more pronounced.

big grooves run horizontal in forehead, muscles causes:
1. Frontalis.
2. Inter ciliary sulcus
3. Superior palpurable sulcus
4. inferior palpurable sulcus

interciliary=between brow.
2 : vertical, up, down, sometimes slanted corigator muscles cause.
Transverse=cause by procurus is horizontal down over nose.

groove in upper lid
arches over eyeball from opening eye.
Only one muscle that opens eye levitor palpebrae

groove in lower lid under eye ball only way to get it is by closing eye
only muscle that closes eye lid is called orbicularis oculi and just below is pouch.

crows feet.
Orbicularis oculi is cause.

medial to fold,
muscle causing= levator labai suporius.

produced in sunburst formation
tiny grooves develop in red lips. orbiscularis oris causes it.

groove is over mandible on its own, over time.

multi mandibular sulcus

deepest

1. platismal sulcus
2. chords of neck

on angle muscle is platisma

2 vertical protrusioning muscles.