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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does the spinal cord originate?
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at the inferior end of the medulla oblongata (at foranem magnum level, where occiput is sitting on C1)
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Where does the spinal cord end?
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terminates as conus medullaris between L1 and L2
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how long is the spinal cord?
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approximately 42 to 45 cm long
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what connects the spinal cord from the conus medullaris to the coccyx
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filum terminale
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why are there two regional enlargements?
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to supply muscles in arms and upper legs
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what are the two regional enlargements of the spinal cord?
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cervical and lumbosacral
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what originates in the cervical enlargement?
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brachial plexus
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what does the cervical enlargemen innervate?
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upper limb
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what originates in the lumbosacral enlargement?
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lumbar and sacral plexuses
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what does the lumbosacral enlargement innervate?
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lower limb
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what type of matter is the spinal cord made of?
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white and grey matter
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what divides the cord into symmetrical halves?
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Dorsal median sulcus and ventral median fissure
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What is carried in the central canal of the cord?
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CSF
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how many spinal nerves are there, by category?
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31 pairs of spinal nerves, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
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where do the cervical nerves exit?
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superior to the cervical vertebrae
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where do the T,L,S, and C nerves exit?
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inferior to the vertebrae
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what type of information do the spinal nerves carry?
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autonomic, sensory, motor info
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what comprises each nerve?
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2 roots: dorsal and ventral
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what type of fibers does the ventral root carry?
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Carry efferent (motor) fibers with their cell bodies in the ventral horn of the cord
-brain to muscle |
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what type of fibers does the dorsal root carry?
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Carry afferent (general and visceral sensory) fibers with their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion
-muscle to brain |
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where are dorsal roots often absent>
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May be absent in C1 and Co
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where does the spinal nerve exit the spinal cord?
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intervertebral foramen
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what do the spinal nerves divide into when leaving the cord?
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ventral and dorsal rami
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what is a rami?
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a small branchlike structure extending from a larger one or dividing into two or more parts
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describe ventral rami
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-large and anterior
-Anterior and lateral branches -Form plexuses and supply the limbs and trunk |
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what is a plexus?
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a network of intersecting nerves
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describe dorsal rami
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-small and posterior
-Medial and lateral branches -Supply the skin and deep muscles of the back |
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what is the Cauda equina?
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spinal nerve roots inferior to the conus medullaris, travelling obliquely to exit vertebral canal
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what are symptathetic ganglian?
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connect to spinal cord on vertebral bodies
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describe sacral nerve roots
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Nerves S1-S4 branch into anterior and posterior rami within the sacrum, with the respective rami passing through the anterior and posterior sacral foramina
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where do the 5th sacral and coccygeal nerve pass through?
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The 5th sacral and coccygeal nerves pass through the sacral hiatus
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what are the meninges?
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the system of membranes which envelopes and protects the CNS
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what are the 3 layers of the meninges?
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dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
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describe dura mater
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-the tough, fibrous, outermost layer of the meninges
-Extends from foremen magnum to S2 or S3 |
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describe arachnoid mater
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-filmy,transparent layer
-ends with dura mater |
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how is the arachnoid matter attached to dura and pia?
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-connected to dura mater by subdural space, potential space
-connected to pia by web like trabeculations |
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describe the pia mater
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-the innermost layer
-cannot be separated from the spinal cord -Highly vascular -ends with spinal cord at L1/L2, but continues as a single strand all the way down to the coccyx as the filum terminale, without function |
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what is the filum terminale
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a single strand of pia mater between L2 and the coccyx as the filum terminale, without function
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what are dentriculate ligaments?
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lateral extensions of the pia matter between the dorsal and ventral roots.
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what is the subarachonoid space?
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-space between the arachonoid layer and the pia mater that is filled with CSF
-extends to S2 |
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lumbar cistern?
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enlarged subarachnoid space btwn L1 and S2
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subdural space?
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potential space between arachnoid and dura
-extends to S2 -contains fluid to moisten the membranes |
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epidural space?
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external dura space
-contains internal vertebral venous plexus and epidural fat |
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what are Dermatomes?
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a well-defined strip of skin extending from the anterior to the posterior midline, supplied by a single spinal nerve
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what does each region of dermatomes supply?
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C=neck and upper limb
T=trunk L= anterior lower limb S= posterior lower limb |
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which arteries supply the spinal cord?
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anterior, posterior, and radicular
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Anterior spinal artery
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-Is a single artery running in ventromedian fissure
-Arising from branches of the vertebral arteries -Supplies the anterior two thirds of the spinal cord and vertebral bodies |
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Posterior spinal arteries
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-paired, longitudinal arteries
-arising from vertebral or posterior inferior cerebellar arteries -Supply posterior one third of the spinal cord and vertebral bodies |
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Radicular arteries
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-dorsal and ventral arteries
-arising from ascending cervical, deep cervical, intercostal, lumbar, and sacral arteries -Supply the nerve roots |
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Great anterior segmental artery (of Adamkiewicz)
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-Occurs on the left side in 65% of individuals
-Contributes to two thirds of the circulation to the inferior spinal cord |
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describe the veins of the spinal cord
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Usually 3 anterior and 3 posterior longitudinal spinal veins
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where do the spinal cord veins drain?
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They drain into the valveless vertebral venous plexus.
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Epidural hematomas
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blood clot between dura and spinal cord
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Subdural hematomas
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blood clot between d and s
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Spinal tap
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remove csf and look for cancer cells, glucose, etc
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Syrinx
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abnormal cyst on spinal cord
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Meningitis
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inflammation of menges
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