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79 Cards in this Set

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Define Algorithm
a statistical procedure or formula.
Define Artifact
a variable that creates an alternative explanation of results.
Define Central location testing
research conducted with respondents who are invited to a research location.
Define Constitutive definition
a type of definition where other words or concepts are substituted for the word being defined.
Define Constructive replication
an analysis of a hypothesis taken from a previous study that deliberately avoids duplicating the methods used in the previous study.
Define Cross-validating
measurements or subjects’ responses are compared to verify their truthfulness.
Define Data archives
data storage where people can put data for other researchers to use.
Define Demand characteristics
the premise that subjects’ awareness of the experimental condition may affect their performance in the experiment.

aka the Hawthorne effect.
Define Design-specific results
research results that are based on the research design used.
Define Double-blind experiment
a research study where experimenters and others do not know whether a subject belongs to the experimental group or to the control group.
Define Evaluation apprehension
a fear of being measured or tested, which may result in providing invalid data.
Define External validity
the degree to which the results of a research study are generalizable to other ­situations.
Define Field services
a research company that conducts interviews, recruits respondents for research projects, or both.
Define Gross incidence
the percent of qualified respondents reached of all contacts made.
Define Hypothesis
a tentative generalization about the relationship between two or more variables that predicts an outcome.
Define Incidence
the percentage of a population that possesses the desired characteristics for a particular research study.
Define Instrument decay
the deterioration of a measurement instrument during the course of a study, which reduces the instrument’s effectiveness and accuracy.
Define Instrumental replication
the duplication in a research study of the dependent variable of a previous study.
Define Internal validity
a property of a research study such that results are based on expected conditions rather than on extraneous variables.
Define Literal replication
a study that is an exact duplication of a previous study.
Define Method-specific results
research results based on, or specific to, the research method used.
Define Mortality
in panel studies and other forms of longitudinal research, the percent of original sample members who drop out of the research project for one reason or another.
Define Net incidence
the number of respondents or ­subjects who actually participate in a research project.
Define Operational definition
a definition that specifies patterns of behavior and procedures in order to experience or measure a concept.
Define Operational replication
a study that duplicates only the sampling methodology and the experimental procedures of a previous study.
Define Parsimony principle
the premise that the simplest method is the most preferable; also known as Occam’s razor.
Define Pilot study
a trial run of a study conducted on a small scale to determine whether the research design and methodology are relevant and effective.
Define Prerecruits
respondents who are recruited ahead of time to participate in a research project.
Define Qualitative research
a research method that uses flexible questioning.
Define Quantitative research
a research method that uses standardized questioning.
Define Replication
an independent verification of a research study.
Define Research question
a tentative generalization about the relationship between two or more variables.
Define Research suppliers
a company that provides various forms of research to clients, from data collection only to a final written analysis and summary of the data.
Define Sample-specific results
research results that are based on, or specific to, the research sample used.
Define Scientific method
a systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relationships among natural phenomena.
Define Secondary analysis
the use of data collected by a previous researcher or another research organization; also called data re-analysis.
Define Theory
a set of related propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relationships among concepts.
Define Agenda setting
the theory that the media pro-vide topics of discussion and importance for ­consumers.
Define Antecedent variable
(1) in survey research, the variable used to predict another variable

(2) in experimental research, the independent variable.
Define Concept
an abstract idea formed by generalization.
Define Research suppliers
a company that provides various forms of research to clients, from data collection only to a final written analysis and summary of the data.
Define Sample-specific results
research results that are based on, or specific to, the research sample used.
Define Construct
a combination of concepts that is created to describe a specific situation (for example, “authoritarianism”).
Define Scientific method
a systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relationships among natural phenomena.
Define Continuous variable
a variable that can take on any value over a range of values and can be meaningfully broken into subparts (for example, “height”).
Define Secondary analysis
the use of data collected by a previous researcher or another research organization; also called data re-analysis.
Define Theory
a set of related propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relationships among concepts.
Define Agenda setting
the theory that the media pro-vide topics of discussion and importance for ­consumers.
Define Antecedent variable
(1) in survey research, the variable used to predict another variable

(2) in experimental research, the independent variable.
Define Concept
an abstract idea formed by generalization.
Define Construct
a combination of concepts that is created to describe a specific situation (for example, “authoritarianism”).
Define Continuous variable
a variable that can take on any value over a range of values and can be meaningfully broken into subparts (for example, “height”).
Define Control variable
a variable whose influence a researcher wishes to eliminate.
Define Criterion variable
(1) in survey research, the variable presumed to be the effects variable; (2) in experimental research, the dependent variable.
Define Dependent variable
the variable that is observed and whose value is presumed to depend on the independent variable(s).
Define Discrete variable
a variable that can be conceptually subdivided into a finite number of indivisible parts (for example, the number of children in a family).
Define Dummy variable
the variable created when a variable at the nominal level is transformed into a form more appropriate for higher order statistics.
Define Equivalency
the internal consistency of a measure.
Define Factor analysis
a multivariate statistical procedure used primarily for data reduction, construct development, and the investigation of variable ­relationships.
Define Independent variable
the variable that is systematically varied by the researcher.
Define Intercoder reliability
in content analysis, the degree of agreement between or among independent coders.
Define Internal consistency
the level of consistency of performance among items within a scale.
Define Interval level
a measurement system in which the intervals between adjacent points on a scale are equal (for example, a thermometer).
Define Isomorphism
similarity of form or structure.
Define Likert scale
a measurement scale in which respondents strongly agree, agree, are neutral, disagree, or strongly disagree with the statements.
Define Marker variable
a variable that highlights or defines the construct under study.
Define Measurement
a procedure in which a researcher assigns numerals to objects, events, or properties according to certain rules.
Define Ordinal level
the level of measurement at which items are ranked along a continuum.
Define Ratio level
a level of measurement that has all the properties of an interval level scale and also has a true zero point.
Define Reliability
the property of a measure that consistently gives the same answer at different times.
Define Semantic differential
a rating scale consisting of seven spaces between two bipolar adjectives (for example, “good _______ bad”).
Define Stability
the degree of consistency of the results of a measure at different times.
Define Variable
a phenomenon or event that can be measured or manipulated.
Define Informed consent
ethical guideline stating that participants in a research project should have the basic facts of the project revealed to them before they make a decision to participate in the research.
Define Justice
an ethical principle holding that all people should be treated equally.
Define Nonmaleficence
an ethical principle stating that a researcher should do no harm.
Define Teleological
ethical system based on the balancing of the likely effects of a decision.
Define Utilitarianism
ethical system that weighs the potential benefits of a decision against potential harm.
Define Voluntary participation
ethical guideline stating that subjects involved in a research project have a right to decline to participate or to leave the project at any time.