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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sociological perspective
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understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context
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society
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people who share a culture and a territory
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social location
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the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society
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scientific method
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the use of objective observations to test theories
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positivism
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the application of the scientific approach to the social world
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sociology
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the scientific study of society and human behavior
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class conflict
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the struggle between capitalists and workers
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bourgeoisie
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those who own the means of production
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proletariat
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the mass of workers who do not own the means of production
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social integration
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degree to which members of a group or society feel united by shared values and other social bonds
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applied sociology
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the use of sociology to solve problems
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theory
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a statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work
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symbolic interactionism
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society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning
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functional analysis
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a society is composed of several parts that when fulfilled contributes to the society's equilibrium
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conflict theory
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society is viewed as groups that are competing for scarce resources
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macro level
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an examination of large-scale patterns of society
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micro level
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an examination of small-scale patterns of society
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social interaction
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what people do when they are in one another's presence
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nonverbal interaction
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communication without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on
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survey
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the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions
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population
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a target group to be studied
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respondents
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people who respond to a survey
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participant observation
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researcher participates in the same setting while observing what is happening
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secondary analysis
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analysis of data that has been collected by other researchers
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public sociology
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sociology being used for the public good
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culture
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language, beliefs, values, norms and behaviors that characterize a group
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patterns
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recurring characteristics or events
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culture shock
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the disorientation that people experience when they come into contact with a different culture
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ethnocentrism
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using ones own culture as a yard stick to evaluate another
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cultural relativism
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not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms
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sapir-whorf hypothesis
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language creates ways of thinking and perceiving
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values
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standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable
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norms
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expectations or rules of behavior
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sanctions
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expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms
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folkways
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norms that are not strictly enforced
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mores
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norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought to be core values
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taboo
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a norm so strong that it brings sanctions and revulsion if someone violates it
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subculture
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values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish it from the larger culture
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pluralistic society
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society made up of many different groups with contrasting values
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value cluster
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values that together form a larger whole
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value contradiction
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values that contradict one another
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cultural universal
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a value or norm that is found in every group
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cultural lag
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Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological advances
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cultural diffusion
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spread of cultural traits from one group to another
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cultural leveling
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the process by which cultures become similar to one another
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social environment
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the entire human environment, including direct contact with others
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socialization
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the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group
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self
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human capacity to be able to see ourselves "from the outside"
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looking-glass self
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the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us
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generalized other
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norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people "in general"
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Id
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inborn basic drives
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ego
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balancing force between the id and the super ego
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superego
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the conscience, internalized values and norms of our social groups
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gender socialization
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the ways in which society sets children on different paths because they are male or female
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peer group
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a group of individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests
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social inequality
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social conditions in which privileges are given to some but denied to others
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manifest functions
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intended beneficial consequences of peoples actions
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latent functions
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unintended beneficial consequences of peoples actions
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anticipatory socialization
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learning in advance an anticipated future role or status
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re socialization
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learning new norms, values, attitudes and behaviors
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macrosociology
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analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society
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microsociology
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analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction
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social structure
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the framework that surrounds us consisting of relationships of people and groups
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status set
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all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies
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status symbols
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items used to identify status
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status inconsistency
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ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others
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role
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behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status
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mechanical solidarity
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unity that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks
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organic solidarity
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interdependence that results from the division of labor
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Gemeinshaft
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type of society where life is intimate
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Geseusellshaft
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type of society dominated by impersonal relationships
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impression management
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people's efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them
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role performance
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the ways in which someone performs a role within the limits the role provides
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ethnomethodology
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the study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life
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background assumption
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deeply embedded common understanding of how the world operates
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aggregate
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people who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together
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