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What are the three major species concepts?
Morphological
Biological
Phylogenetic
What is the morphological species concept?
Based on appearance: phenotypic differences between species.
What are the problems with using morphology?
Same species, but looking very different. (Ex: differences in the way male and females look.)
Different species, but look the same.
What is the biological species concept?
Based on reproductive isolation: groups of interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
What are the problems with using the biological species concept?
Difficult for allopatric populations.
Not useful for fossils.
Not applicable for asexual organisms.
What is the phylogenetic species concept?
A species= 1 branch on the tree of life.
Species evolve as distinct lineages.
Can be applied to any kind of organism.
What are the problems with using the phylogenetic species concept?
Its very expensive to put into practice.
Could double the number of species.
What is the process of speciation?
Gradual process.
One population splits into 2 lineages, but are still reproductively compatible. At some point reproductive incompatibility is established.
Never been observed, takes too much time.
What is speciation?
Evolutionary changes resulting in one species splitting into two or more daughter species.
Requires the interruption of gene flow.
What are the mechanisms of speciation?
Allopatric speciation.
Sympatric speciation.
What is allopatric speciation?
A population is divided by physical barriers.
Can happen by: genetic drift, sexual selection.
For different environments: divergent selection.
What is sympatric speciation?
No barriers.
Can happen by: disruptive selection (ecological speciation), polyploidy, cytoplasmic incompatibility.
What is ecological speciation?
1. disruptive/divergent selection drives adaptive divergence.
2. reproductive isolation evolves as a consequence.
What is polyploidy?
Offspring end up with different amounts of chromosomes.
One of the main mechanisms through which plants diversify.
Explain Situational Leadership Style:

Supporting
"Supporting" implies an increase in Supportive Behavior and a decrease in Directive Behavior. The leader/manager/supervisor using this style acts toward subordinates with more two-way communication involving subordinates in problems solving, process improvement and decision-making. In addition, using this style involves discussing with the subordinate what needs to be done and allowing the individual to decide how, when, where, etc. to accomplish the job.