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mechanism of penicillins?
bind enzymes used in cell wall synthesis and inhibit cross-linking of cell wall peptidoglycans
four classes of penicillins?
1. natural penicillins
2. ampicillin/amoxicillin
3. penicillinase-resistant
4. carboxypenicillins (extended spectrum): piperacillin
clinical indication for natural penicillins?
GAS, actinomyces, clostridium perfringes, syphilis
clinical indication for ampicillin/amoxicillin?
H flu
E coli
Listeria
Proteus
Pasteurella
Shigella
(add beta-lactamase for MSSA and to cover all H flu)
What are the penicillinase-resistant penicillins? use?
Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Methicillin, Dicloxacillin

indicated for MSSA
antibiotic category and clinical indication for nafcillin or methicillin?
penicillinase-resistant penicillins; indicated for MSSA
classes of beta-lactam antibiotics?
1. penicillins
2. cephalosporins
3. monobactams
4. carbapenems

* all inhibit cell wall synthesis *
antibiotic class and mechanism of cephalosporins?
beta-lactam antibiotics; bind to PBPs and inhibit cross-linking of cell wall peptidoglycans
clinical indication for ceftriaxone?
(third gen cephalosporin)
community acquired meningitis, community acquired pneumonia, Neisseria gonorrhea
clinical indication for ceftazidime?
(third gen cephalosporin)
Pseudomonas (second line), Klebsiella, Proteus, E coli
what does cefepime NOT cover?
(fourth gen cephalosporin)
does NOT cover MRSA, bacteroides, listeria, enterococcus
what are monobactams? clinical indication?
beta-lactam antibiotics;
eg. Aztreonam (only one on market)
* use for aerobic gram negatives, especially PSEUDOMONAS
what are carbapenems? what do they not cover?
imipenem/meropenem (beta lactam antibiotics)
very broad coverage; does NOT cover MRSA, C diff, some Strep pneumo
mechanism of fluoroquinolones?
inhibit DNA gyrase
examples of fluoroquinolones?
ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin; cover gram negatives and some gram positives
antibiotic category, mechanism, and clinical indication for ciprofloxacin?
fluoroquinolone; inhibits DNA gyrase
covers gram neg and some gram pos; very good against PSEUDOMONAS
mechanism of aminoglycosides?
multiple mechanisms including binding 30s ribosomal subunit
examples of aminoglycosides? coverage?
gentamicin, streptomycin

bactericidal for gram negs, including PSEUDOMONAS

syndergy from gram positives if given with beta-lactams
antibiotic category and mechanism of gentamicin?
aminoglycosides; multiple mechanisms including 30s ribosomal subunit
mechanism of macrolides?
inhibit RNA-dependent protein synthesis and bind to 50s ribosomal subunit
examples of macrolides? mechanism?
erythromycin, azithromycin

inhibit RNA-dependent protein synthesis, bind to 50S ribosomal subunit
antibiotic category and mechanism of azithromycin?
macrolide

inhibit RNA-dependent protein synthesis, bind to 50S ribosomal subunit
antibiotic category and mechanism of clindamycin?
(lincosamide)
binds 23s portion of 50s ribosomal subunit
antibiotic category and mechanism of vancomycin?
(glycopeptide)
binds D-ala-D-ala precursors, blocking cell wall formation
mechanism of rifampin?
inhibits initiation of chain formation for RNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
mechanism of tetracyclines?
bind 30s subunit and block tRNA, inhibiting protein synthesis
antibiotic class and mechanism of doxycycline?
one of the tetracyclines

bind 30s subunit and block tRNA, inhibiting protein synthesis
mechanism of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole?
sulfa: competitively inhibits PABA incorporation into tetrahydrofolate

trimethoprim: inhibits dihydrofolate reductase

both interrupt purine synthesis