SW 630 Exam 1

2000 BC - what is expected of Babylonians; what is the order of society, how are people supposed to interact with one another. Also, it defined the responsibility that society had for the poor

400 BC - spoke of the ways we can become enlightened; through our personal progression we can achieve Nirvana. Looking after the poor will help us to achieve this goal.

384 BC - society maintains political stability through demonstrating philanthropy, kindness, brotherly love. You must look after one another's interests.

106 BC - the state and the citizen must commit each other to uphold the rights of the state, and the state will uphold the rights of the individual; mutual responsibility between the state and its citizens

OBLIGATION - old testament scriptures - God will reward one who shows kindness, compassion, and consideration to those who are less fortunate. You are rewarded for doing the right thing. Social welfare = being your brother's keeper. Give sufficient capital to the poor to help them get out of poverty.

VOLUNTARY(?) - the efficacy of our prayers depends on our liberality to the poor. Help those in need, because Jesus would do it.

Being poor was okay, the church did not blame the impoverished for their circumstances. The landlords were responsible for the well being of the poor. This did not shift until the 1560's.

1601 - the first state sponsored social welfare in Western society. The government was responsible for them, but it ultimately fell to the family. Families were required to separate to receive aid. Laws were created to keep the poor away from the rich. Our welfare system is modeled after this - AFDC - aid only given to families with no men in the home.

1662 - an amendment to Elizabethan poor law which was passed to prevent people from moving from parish to parish in order receive more benefits. In order to move, you had to demonstrate that you could work, had housing, etc. Now, every state has a residency requirement to receive aid.

1795 - amendment to EPL, the state will subsidize workers' incomes so they can maintain the minimum standard of living (like food stamps). Created in an effort to quell social revolution. The rich were getting richer, and the poor were getting poorer; this was an effort to keep the poor in check.

1791 - "The Rights of Man" basis for the French Revolution. Certain rights (food, shelter, clothing) should be provided to all members of society. If Govn't cannot produce these rights, the ppl have the right to overthrow the govn't. Welfare is a RIGHT, not charity.

1821 - classical economist who introduced the concept of iron law of wages; the poor make poor choices (make babies) and the rich make choices to further their economical success. three main actors in the economy: landlord, capital, and labor. The govn't should not provide the poor with social welfare benefits because they will make more babies and that is not in the best interest of society.

1817 - if unchecked, the growth of a population will outstrip the availability of food. govn't should only help if 1) the poor were worthy (ex: elderly and disabled), 2) married poor should be separated so no more babies 3) poor children taken from the home to be apprenticed

1) definition differs 2) analytical approach differs 3) values differ

1) philosophical concept: a general principle that helps us in achieving our goals; a guide. 2) product: concept that is agreed upon; it means what it is. 3) process: whereby we maintain social and political stability in society; always changing 4) framework: a combination of the first three; a model whereby we take action

services that are designed to enhance the quality of our lives: road system,s educational systems, sewers, national parks, libraries, etc.

2-3% of the national budget

give the benefits (money) to the wealthy, who will invest in society by building capital and creating jobs for the average citizen (the benefits trickle down to the poor)

give the money to the people (increase minimum wage), and they will create demand with their extra money and companies will produce more to fill that demand... etc.

anyone who lacks power

no one can decide what policy is, much like no one can agree on what "family" is. example: President Carter's Conference on the Family failed because they couldn't agree on what the family was. Less than 30% of current US families are actually "traditional". Another example is the Constitution.

people cannot agree on whether policies work or not. Example: the prison system. Example: war (how do we know if we are winning? body count? land mass? destruction?)

1) puritan capitalist 2) humanist 3) Judeo-Christian

people are responsible for their own affairs, if they don't make it they have only themselves to blame, govn't should facilitate the ability to work so ppl can be successful on their own

we have a responsibility to look after each other. we can create a perfect society thru manipulation of nature and science. if people fail, it is because the social order is imperfect (racism, sexism, etc.), we must fix the social order

we are all children of God, so we are all alike. We can do nothing without God. We show reverence to our Creator by loving one another. Be our brother's keepers.

poverty is the result of laziness, promiscuity, lacking education, and instant gratification. the poor have a character flaw. fix poverty by ending welfare. therapy helps them to become "like us".

education is a social vehicle to transmit the status quo (values, systems, methodologies). MAINTENANCE.

poverty is caused by a broken system. Fix the system and eradicate poverty. Examples: Title IX, affirmative action, etc.

education should be a vehicle in which people can debate, discuss, and challenge various paradigms. There needs to be change to the current system. RENEWAL.

poverty is the result of people lacking power, not being able to participate or have a voice. End poverty by empowering the poor and organizing. Those in power are well organized. Example: AARP helping the elderly. Children have no power since they cannot organize.

education should be a vehicle for change - make something happen. CHANGE.

1+-1=0 if someone wins, someone else loses. Equitable distribution of power will not create a zero sum society, but will be more beneficial to everyone.

thru conflict comes change. when conflict arises, the powerless gain more power and organize. organization = power. example: asking for a raise versus all employees asking for more benefits.

1820 - Christian minister turned Atheist. the poor have children as a rational decision to create labor and as a retirement plan. don't blame the poor, change the social environment and create a more perfect social order. get rid of the -isms. Make it so that rational decisions lead to success (example: tie school with careers).

1904 - social Darwinism. no one should help the poor, not govn't, not charity. the poor are being eliminated because they are not genetically / socially fit to survive. example: 1960's sterilization program; Eugenics. Compulsory sterilization.

1903 - People of Abyss. despite overall wealth, 90% of Londoners died in abject poverty. Wealth is in the hands of a small few. Studied the Yukon Indians who distributed their wealth more equitably. Called for a redistribution of wealth.

1891 - wrote a letter to Catholic Bishops calling for the ownership of private property, but not at the expense of human value. Worker's should have rights; their needs must be protected. Worker's should organize into unions and negotiate with employers.

1932 - Economics of Welfare. guaranteed minimum income. Diminishing marginal utility - the more a commodity is consumed, the value increases, but at a diminishing rate. The poor will receive the greatest benefit from resources. Example: Ramen noodles.

1) prolonged incubation period 2) incrementalism 3) rationality/science 4) executive leadership 5) enabling legislation 6) interest group participation

it takes a long time in the US to implement policies. example: monument at ground zero, here versus China

policy is created one step at a time, even though we want big changes. example: most people agree that the health care system is broken, but there is a public outcry with large changes - even tho they don't address all of the issues.

show me the data. if something is based on science, we are more willing to accept it. policy has no place for feelings. example: choosing a mate from a list of pros and cons.

everyone has a right to policy proposal, but most are sponsored by those with power/resources/knowledge. only the well-connected really have a say. example: Herbert and the construction money.

policy cannot work without legislation passed enabling it at the state level. example: NCLB and medicare - the states decide how they are implemented (requirements)

two theories on those who participate in the policy making process: 1) elites have governance, they participate 2) pluralist approach; we act as special interest groups instead of individuals; we have equal opportunity to affect the process

goal, needs assessment, objective, alternatives, estimated consequences, selection, implementation, evaluation, feedback, objective...
cons- takes too long. pros - rational and organized.

making changes on small step at a time.
cons - ongoing problems are never solved, changes aren't big enough. pros - less expensive, less time-consuming

combines rational planning and incremental model - starts with a philosophical idea but changes with the environment. philosophical notion of what they want to do for the policy, but they are flexible and willing to change. example: Chrischoff, policy to outproduce America, except the soil in the US is better

naive criteria - we look at one or a few general principles while ignoring others (Carter with inflation). naive priority - looking our for self

an analysis model.
cons - tries to satisfy too many people. pros - more comprehensive, considers values of everything and everyone.

broad statement, philosophical in nature. statement of desirability

find out what the state of the goal is, what are the needs? conduct research.

specific, concrete, measurable. how are you going to achieve your goal?

how are others accomplishing this goal? this is why we do a literature review, to see what has already been done.

cost/benefit analysis

after estimating the consequences, how do we select our options? public hearings? voting?

requires some creativity and innovation. how do we implement the policy?

does the policy reflect its goal? is it working?

norm reference - standard level of achievement by which the program is evaluated (example: school tests). criterion: measure against specific criteria (whatever you determine is related). formative: ongoing process of evaluating a program. summative: evaluation at the end of a program. (example: cooking and tasting during and at the end)

compatible with contemporary style, compatible with society values, compatible with SW values, acceptable to decision makers, satisfy interest groups, based on knowledge, is it workable, does it create unexpected problems, is it effective, is it efficient

elites, special interest groups, outsiders, citizens

the people who "run the show", they have money/knowledge/power/influence/resources. President, Congress, Courts, High-Level Bureaucracy.

they also have power/money/resources. provide the money to politicians. they can mobilize people. ex: NRA wanted armor piercing bullets available to the public, police union did not, NRA won. SIGs have total access to law makers.

political inequalities, self interest over common interest (Tobacco industry), SIG exercising veto power by influencing congressmen.

non participants. 22% of the population. college aged people are the least voters (ages 18-26)

have the most power, but do not use it. if you complain about the lack of choices in candidates, you have only yourself to blame for not participating (becoming a candidate)