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What did Lea and Young do?
They developed Left Realism (with Matthews and Kinsey) partly as a response to Right Realism. And partly in response to neo-Marxist Radical Criminology
What does Left Realism argue?
That the rising crime rate cannot solely be explained by the 'unreliability of official crime statistics’. As a result, they're less critical of crime statistics & argue they don't reflect the typical criminal.
(young, male, working-class and disproportionately black)
3 Origins of Crime
- Relative deprivation
- Marginalization
- Subculture
Subcultures
- the subculture of young Blacks is distinctly different from their parents who largely accepted their marginalised position in society
- Black youth have material aspirations; bling, cars and wealth
- they engage in crime due to blocked opportunities.
Relative Deprivation
- Frustration from this disparity between expectations and the reality of lifestyle leads to feelings of relative deprivation.
- argue the reality for many young Black males is a choice of unemployment, training schemes or ‘white man’s shit work’
- They feel unfairly denied the ‘glittering prizes’ offered to others. This can develop into strategies which can involve deviant and criminal behaviour.
Marginalisation
-marginalisation means the process by which certain groups find themselves on the edge of society.
- White and Black working-class youth often feel alienated by schools, unemployment, low-wages, the police, etc. Young Black males face marginalisation through prejudice and harassment e.g., 'military policing‘ (stop and search).
Square of Crime
The initial crime
o The offender
o The state
o The Informal control
o The victim
The square of crime takes us beyond the offender and shows concern for victim patterns and formal and informal factors.
Jock Young, Social Change and Crime
has a generic theory to explain the recent growth in crime. He argues that late modernity is making crime worse in a number of ways
- Greater uncertainty and instability in most aspects of life.
- People’s desire for Immediate and personal pleasure.
- Fewer consensuses about moral values.
- A breakdown of informal social controls.
The Policing Problem
Kinsey, Lea and Young:
Identify a number of problems with contemporary policing. The police too often resort to 'military policing' as a method of solving crime through 'stop and search' policies.
This often alienates the community from them, recently the Muslim community.
Critiques of Left Realism
- It only focuses on managing capitalism
- Its focus on victims as well as offenders is good, adding another dimension to our understanding of crime.
- However, Relative deprivation or marginalisation cannot explain the motive behind offender’s actions (e.g. white-collar or corporate crime)
- Equally not all people in relative deprivation turn to crime.
- It assumes that when society’s values break down crime become more likely – a return to anomie theory and a view not too distant from Right Realism?