TESL 33 Grammar

1) Meaning
2) Grammatical Form
3) Grammatical Function

- refers to the shape taken by an element of the language
ie) nouns, verbs...

1) Proform
2) Auxiliary
3) Operator
4) Modifier
5) Determiner
6) Completer

S- Subject
V- Verb
O- Object (Od- direct, Oi- indirect)
C- Complement
A- Adverbial

1) Verbs
2) Nouns
3) Adjectives
4) Adverbs
5) Pronouns
6) Prepositions
7) Demonstratives
8) Conjunctions
9) Articles
10) Interjections

Class: Open
- Expressions of emotion
- Can serve as an emphasizer

It permits the speaker to give definition or a description. In a simple sentence, it is a noun phrase or an adjective following the copular use of a verb. The verb to be is very often the verb.
ie
-The world is <a planet> (definition)
- The world is <round>. (decription)

Permits the speaker to express "who" or "what" recieved the direct object. Its is expressed by a preposition (to/for) plus a noun phrase if it follows the verb, or by the noun phrase alone if it precedes the verb.
ie-
- We gave milk <to the cat>
- We gave <the cat> some milk.

Indicates "who" or "what" recieved the action found in the verb. In a simple sentence it is expressed by a noun phrase which usually comes after the verb. "Not all verbs have objects"

There are two types of Objects
1. Direct Object
- Indicates "who" or "what" recieved the <action> found in the verb.
2. Indirect Object
- Permits the speaker to indicate "who" or "what" <recieved> the direct object.

AKA Concord
- The subject+verb must agree in number.
ie) singular- Singular
plural- plural
* Often the verb tends to agree with the nearest noun phrase rather than the head noun in the subject.

Clauses that are parts of larger sentences
ie Plants grow <if the have enough water>

A whole sentence joined by "and", "but" + "or".
ie- Roses are red <and> violets are blue.

1) Finite- When the verb phrase has tense and a subject is present (usually).
ie. I play/ I played
2/ Non-Finite- When the verb phrase doesn't have a tense.
ie.
*base/infinitive (to play)
*-ing/ present participle (playing)
*-ed/ past participle (played)
~ non-finite clauses are dependent + can't work alone.

1) Subject
2) Object
3) Complement
4) Adverbial

AKA Phrasal verbs or prepositional verbs.
- Verbs that join up with a preposition or an adverb to convey a new meaning.
ie- Turn On, Carry over, Turn up...

1) Meaning
- they change the meaning of the base verb.
- many combinations have more than one meaning
- new combinations are constantly being created
- even native speakers don't use multiwords the same way.
- they tend to be spoken language rather than written
2) Form
- multi-verbs can be made with nouns + verbs
- difficult to tell the difference between an adverbal + a multword
- Some are separable + others are not

refers to unwritten rules that govern language use in sociual contexts
- Its is sometimes defined as the "WH's" of language (who, what, where, when, why)
- Emphasizes presenting language in context.

The description of patterns and structures in a language

Class:Open
- A word which expresses a state or an action

Class:Open
- The name of a person, place or thing

Class:Open
- A quality of a noun (or pronoun. It's a word which describes a noun

Class:Open
- word used to describe a noun, verb, adjective or another adverb.

Class:Closed
- Word used to replace a noun
ie- He, She, It, They...

Class:Closed
- Can express relationships between a noun phrase or a verb phrase, usually a marker of time + place.

Class:Closed~ (this and that)
- "This" indicates something close.
- "That" indicates something far.

Class:Closed
- Words that add, subtract or provide alternative choice.
ie- and, but, or...

Class:Closed
(a, an, the, _)

"Term found in Grammar Practice Activities"
- The sheer amount of comprehnesible language that is spoken, heard, read or written in the course of the activity.

Refers to how language is used to get things done.

- Different types of language varieties
* Include regional + social dialects.
- Dialect differences arise from isolation of populations.

The outcomes of bilingual education programs that aim to add competence in a second language to students' existing competence in the first language.
* The students thus maintain competence in their first language.

- The outcome of bilingual programs that foster second language learning at the expense of the student's first language.
* The first language is replaced with the second language.

Views minorities as having an array of deficits.
ie- language deficits, economic deficits, cultural deficits...

1) Presentation
2) Isolation and Explanation
3) Practice
4) Test

the part of the sentence which contains the main verb+ also any object, complements or adverbials
~ Is a verb alone, or a verb with one or more auxiliary verbs.

A grammar which describes how a language is actually spoken and/or written, and does not state or prescribe how it ought to be spoken or written

A verb that has a meaning that you can look up in the dictionary

AKA Helping Verb
- A verb which is used with another verb in a sentence, and which shows grammatical functions such as aspect, voice, mood, tense and person.
- The auxiliary verb comes before the lexical verb in a sentence.

To assist learners in developing their communicative competence

Dynamic Use: When a verb is used to a happening with a beginning and an end.
ie. Swim, Run, Fly
Stative Use: When a verb is used to describe a happening without a recognizable beginning and end.
* These verbs have an -ing ending.

Verbs used to express a linking relationship between the subject and something else. (usually a noun phrase or adjective)

A grammar which states rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage.

There are only 3 (do, have, be)

There are about 10
(can, could, will, would, shall, may, must, should, might)
- used to express some degree of doubt
- often used to express future meaning
- thier verb forms can never change (can't be put into verb tenses)

The action or state is repetitive or habitual in the past. Its is signaled by the semi-auxiliary (used to)

AKA Factitive
- While (as usual) it expresses an action tht began in the past and continued to the present, here the interest is the result
~ For use with a sentence that has no time marker.
ie- I finished my homework (means I can relax)

How the speaker sees the action in a verb phrase.
There are four aspects
1. Simple
2. Continuous (progressive)
3. Perfect
4. Iterative

Time and Tense are not the same thing in grammar.
- Time refers to the meaning (past, present, future)
- Tense refers to the form of the verb that is used to express our culural notions related to time.

The English language only truly has 2 verb tenses.
1) past
2) Present
~ Future tense is actually using the present tense + a future marker
~ Future is often expressed by using a modal auxiliary verb + the base form of a lexical verb.

- The mood refered to in English grammar is the mood of doubt, of uncertainity

- Refers to action that was complete by a specific time in the past.

The form of the verb which expresses uncertainity, wishes, desires...
~ Usually refers to non-factual or hypothetical situations
ie- I wish I had a $1,000,000

Refers to whether a verb is: Active or Passive
- Active Voice indicates the subject is acting on the object (ie The wolf ate the rabbit)
- Passive Voice indicates that the subject is being acted upon by something or someone. (ie The mice were eaten by the wolf.)
* The object in an active construction becomes that subject in passive.

- The noun or noun phrase which refers to the person or animal which performs the action of the verb.
- The term agent is sometimes used only for the noun or noun phrase which follows "by" in passive sentences, even if it doesn't refer to the preformer of an action.

The job of the subject is to permit the speaker to indicate "who" or "what" is the doer of the action or what is being talked about.

Provide additional information about the headword in a noun phrase.
-Premodifier: comes before the headword in a noun phrase and are typically adjectives
-Postmodifier:Come after the headword in a noun phrase and are typically phrases or clauses.

May be a single word or a noun that has other words added to make it more specific.
There are 3 parts to a noun Phrase.
1) Head word
2) Modifier or Modifiers
3) Determiner or Determiners

A unit of language which expresses a complete idea
~ It must contain at least a subject+verb

A word or group of words which acts as part of speech. It is a convenient notation to avoid having to say a word or group of words.

Thinking about thinking. Analysis of the thinking process or examining how one learns.

A word or group of words which (with one exception) contain a verb.

1) Subject
2) Verb
3) Object
4) Complement
5) Adverbial

- Personal (I, we, me, she, it...)
- Possessive (my, our, your, his, its...)
- Reflexive (myself, ourselves, yourself, himself...)
- Indefinite (somebody, anybody, no body, someone...)
- Interrogative (who, which, what, whose...)

Can be a modifier or a complement.

~ Used in a noun phrase
Makes a noun phrase more efficent.
*Accomplished through using "Pronouns: he, she..." and "Demonstratives:this, that"

Name of specific people or things. (they begin with capital letters)
ie. Skipp Symes, June, Nakhon Sri Thammarat, India.
~ All other nouns are common nouns.

Nouns that are not the names of specific people or things.
ie- person, dog, country, city...

Nouns that are made plural in way other than adding -s.
ie. syllabus/syllabi
~Includes nouns that have no plural form- news, pants, scissors...

A noun which is made by adding -s or -es to the noun
~These are pronouned with /s/, /z/ or /ez/

The noun form varies according to whether they are singualr or plural, and accompanying verbs or pornouns are also variable
ie- Singular
The <cat is> on the table.
The <book is> mine.
The <goose stays> in the barn.
ie- Plural
The <cats are> on the table.
The <books are> mine.
The <geese stay> in the barn.

Nouns that always have the same form.
Singular Invariable Nouns: Always take the singular form of the verb. Non-count nouns fall into this category.
ie- The <news is> on the TV.
Plural Invariable Nouns: Always take the plural form of the verb.
ie- The <archives are> housed in the library.

Variable Nouns:
- regular variable nouns (dogs, cats, books)
- Irregular variable Nouns (goose/geese, child/children)
Invariable Nouns
- Singular Invariable Noun (news, music, gold)
- Plural Invariable Noun (sissors, pants, cattle)
~ Determined by the verb form used

Whether the form of a word is singular or plural
Includes: Regular or irregular; Variable or Invariable; Countable or Non-Countable

In grammatical terms it means "kind" or "type". It is a classification system of nouns and refers to masculine or feminine meanings of the noun.

- Subjective Case: is used for the subject. ie- <I> like pizza.
- Objective Case: is used for direct + indirect objects ie- Cats like <me>
- Genitive Case: is used for possession and other relationships between pronouns, nouns + noun phrases. ie- <My> cat is special.

Used to indicate possession, but can also be used to express other relationships between nouns.
ie- That's <Bill's> bag.

Nouns that are unmarked for case and are used for subject, direct/indirect object and complement.
ie- The <cat> chased the <rat>.

- Common
- Genitive- possession

A noun phrase added to a sentence to indicate who the speaker is talking to.
ie- <Raigne>, please pass me the ketchup.

*Turns a simple sentence in a yes/ no question.
~ The subject and part of the verb phrase are inverted (switch places.
ie- I will buy a dog. = Will I buy a dog?

Making a Sentence Negative
There are 4 ways to make a sentence negative.
1) Making the verb negative but adding "not"
2) Making the verb negative by adding negative words like never
3) Make a noun phrase negative
4) Inserting the auxiliary <do> if their is no auxiliary that can be used by the operator.

Phrase that begin with prepositions
ie- It can be linked with noun phrases or clauses after the preposition.
* Often Adverbials in sentences.

-Adjunct: expression of circumstances
- Subjunct: used to express intensity of the verb
- Disjunct: represent speakers attitude to what's being said.
- Conjunct: Allows speaker to express relationships between clauses or sentences. ie "and"

- Adverb
- Conjunction
- Prepositional Phrases
- Noun Phrases
- Clauses
" Adverbials say when, where, why, how + under what conditions.

Refers to a sentence within a sentence. A clause must have a verb.
~ There are two types of clauses
- Coordinate
- Subordinate

"Latin Words"
- Verb plus preposition
- Must be followed by a noun phrase (or clause)
- The preposition sometime movies into a WH question.
-the verb might be stressed
- Always inseparable

"Germanic Words"
- verb plus adverb or preposition.
- does not need to be followed by a noun phrase
- the adverb or preposition cannot move for a question.
- the adverb or preposition maybe stressed
- some are separable
- some are intransitive (having no Object)
- some are transitive (having an Object)

How sentences are combined to make a larger unit (ie- oral exchange, a letter, a lecture or a research paper)

Its is two or more sentecnes each with a verb joined by a conjunction
ie- but, and, or
ie2- I like cats <but> I like dogs more.

Omission of a recoverable (by hearer) piece of information
ie- don't (for: do not)
ie2- Tom and Jerry came. (for: Tom came. Jerry came.)

A sentence which has more than one verb.
Has a main clause with a main verb and a subordinate clause has its own verb.
It includes a clause used as one or more sentence elements (SOCA), or as parts of the sentence elements (SOCA)

They are conjuncts/ conjunctions

Include such features as:
~ Use of ellipsis
~ repetition of a content word
~ Use of a synonym or lexical chain (a series or words with related meanings)
~ use of a proform
~ use of "the"