Test 3 Crime and Science

What is the substance
How much is there

drugs/toxins in body

Trace Evidence
Drug analysis

The study of the adverse effects of chemical on a body

Qualitatively and quantitatively identify poisonous substances in humans and theninterpret the results to understand the episode of intoxication.

Isolate and ID the specific chemical substance.
Determine the absence of other potential chemical in the specimen.
Measure quantitatively any significant identifiable substances.
Confirm the identity and amount of the substance using somecorroborative tests.
Issue a report of analytical findings giving information as to the
sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the tests.
Maintain a chain-of-custody.
Interpret the results in terms of the effect of the substance on human behavior and state of health.
Supply information regarding dosage of chemical ingested, the
interval since ingestion, and the route and frequency of administration.
Express the conclusion as to whether the results are consistent with the history of the incident.

Recognized the rising heroin epidemic in the 60s and 70sand brought national and local effort to control usage
Determine the chemical identity and toxicity of new drug analogues such as designer drug “white china”
Test blood from persons arrested for impaired driving.
Test urine from parolees
Federally regulated urine drug testing.
Monitor blood levels of lead in children.

1971- Military Drug tests
1983- Railway
1986- Reagan Exec order
1988- Exec order

Reasons for UDT:
1.Pre-employment
2.Post-accident
3.Random
4.Reasonable suspicion
5.Treatment follow-up

1.Informed policy
2.Worker privacy
3.Confirmation test

Issues:
1.Chain of custody
2.Adulteration of samples
3.Cut-off concentrations

1813 –MJB Orfila
1836 –James Marsh
1850 –Jean Servois Stas
1900 –Alexander

Blood
Vitreoushumor
Urine
Bile
Liver
Other

Undermedication
Noncompliance

AccidentMotor Vehicle AccidentsIndustrial AccidentsAccidental PoisoningsDrug Overdoses

Looks like disease
1.Arsenic-guillianbar
2.Insulin
Lack of Suspision

poison1. Specific Intent -motiveNot a legal requirement but hard to convict without it
2. Access of suspect to a supply of poisonPurchaseTheftIn trade or occupation
3. Opportunity to administer poisonfood/drinkvia drugs

.01-.04 Sober
.05-.08 Euphoria
.09-.25 Excitement
.18-.30 Confusion
.27-.40 Inability
.35-.50 Coma
.45+ death

1843 –New York Central Railroad1939 –Indiana make DUI an offense1964 –Statistics to support a BAC cut-off
•0.04 g% -just as likely as a sober driver to have an accident
•0.06 g% -twice as likely as a sober driver cause an accident
•0.10 g% -six times as likely “……….”
•0.15 g% -25 times as likely “……….”

First actual case: 1235AD.
The Washing Away of Wrongs
Spontaneous generation of maggots
in meat was disproved in 1668.
First published account in 1855 in
the West (France).

Father of Toxicology
Insect Sussesion in cadavers

Wrote the founding works of
modern forensic entomology:
Fauna of Tombs (1887)
Fauna of Cadavers(1894)
Wrote a series of articles (1883 –1896)that made the information accessible

Estimation of PMI Determination of death location
Criminal Misuse
Abuse of young & elderly
DNA Analysis
Toxicological specimens

Urban
Stored Product
Medicocriminal

Egg Mass- 1 day
Larvae- 6 days
Pupae- 7 days
Adult- 30 days

How drugs affect life cycle of insects

Brain
Liver
Kidney
BloodVitreous HumorBileUrineGastric Contents

Bone
Skeletal Muscle
Hair
nails

1.Cocaine mAMP decrease Larval stage
2.Heroin decreases Larval but increases pupal
3.TCA increases both Migrating and Pupal

1686
Notes Ridges, Spirals, loops

1823
9 basic patterns, clarrification

1858
Utilized hand print on contract
Criminal Database

Fingerprints as personal Identification

Proves hershel and Faulds claim as correct
1.No 2 fingerprints alike
2.Fingerprints do not change over life span

Body parts as Identification
Made popular by Bertillon

Invisible 99 percent sweat/oil

Lefts in deposits
ink/blood

left in soft material
sand/wax

Loops Towards Thumb

Loops away from thumb

Wavelike pattern

Looks like a Tent

General ridge and pattern configuration
Not good enough for Identification

Ridge endings, bifurcations, dots and combinations

ridge detail including pore

ANALYSIS –evaluate Level 1, 2, and 3 minutia COMPARISON –determine agreement and discrepancies EVALUATION –cyclical procedure of evaluation VERIFICATION –2ndexaminer

Find Prints On Unfinished Surfaces

Iodine
Superglue

Ninhydrin
–Porous materials by reacting with amino acids in sweat
–Purple-blue color
–Takes 1hr-48hrs to visualize
–Has been used on 15 year old paper

Good for leather and rough plastic whos surfaces hold powders

Oldest Method
Non-Permanent

Cyanocrystalate vapors
•Nonpourous surfaces

Physical Developer
–Silver-nitrate based liquid
–Very effective on porous items that have been wet
–Used when other methods did not turn anything up

d