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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did John Winthrop regard the people who had migrated to the plantations of Virginia?
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punishing the tobacco planters for their worldinessas grossly materialistic
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Winthrop decided the hostilities were God's way of doing what?
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punishing the tobacco planters for their worldliness
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In 1675 Native Americans did what?
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declared all-out war against the new englanders and soon reports of the destruction of puritan communities circulated in virginia
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Who was Sir William Berkeley?
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Virginia's royal governor
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What did he think of the news?
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he was not displeased by the adversity
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The English crown awarded colonial charters to who? (3 things)
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1. a wide variety of entrepreneurs, religious idealists, and aristocratic adventurers who established separate and profoundly different colonies
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What helps to explain this striking competition and diversity?
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migration
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What occurred between 1580 and 1650?
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many men and women elected to journey to the New World
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What happened during this time to the population?
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it expanded from about 3.5 million to more than 5 million
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Who frightened the propertied leaders of english society?
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migrants who were desperate for work that took the roads
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Most men and women lived out their days where?
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rooted in the tiny country villages of their birth
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Who fought constantly with the elected members of parliament?
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James 1 and his son Charles 1
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What was at stake?
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rival notions of constitutional and representative government
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What did Charles attempt when tensions grew so severe?
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to rule the country without parliament's assistance- this backfired
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The confrontation between royalists and parliamentarians set off a what?
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long and bloody civil war
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What happened in 1649?
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the parliamentarians executed Charles and Oliver Cromwell governed England for a while after as Lord Protector
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When did the Stuarts return to the English Throne?
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1660, after Cromwell's death
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What happened during the period known as the restoration?
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neither Charles II nor James II was able to establish genuine political stability
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What altered the course of English political history and that of the American colonies as well?
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The Glorious Revolution
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What became an integral part of English national identity during this period?
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Anti-catholicism and hatred of spain
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What was the Chesapeake?
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an area where adventurers were given an opportunity to put their theories into practice in the colonies of Virginia and Maryland
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During Elizabeth's reign, the major obstacle to successful colonization of the New World had been what?
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raising money
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What was the solution to this financial problem?
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the joint-stock company
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What was the joint-stock company?
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a business organization in which scores of people could invest without fear of bankruptcy
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When was the first Virginia charter?
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April 10, 1606
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Who was its leader?
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Sir Thomas Smith
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He was London's _____ merchant
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wealthiest
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What were the 3 ships that sailed to America in December of 1606
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The Susan Constant, The Godspeed, and The Discovery
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What became the site for one of America's most unsuccessful villages?
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Jamestown
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Who had traveled throughout Europe and fought with the Hungarian army against the Turks?
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John Smith
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What was termed the 'starving time'
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the terrible winter of 1609-1610
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What had The Powhatan hoped initially to do with the Europeans?
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enlist them as allies against native enemies
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The failure of the second campaign ended how?
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in the complete destruction of the Powhatan empire
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De La Warr, Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir Thomas Dale ruled how?
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by martial law
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Who was a settler who achieved notoriety by marring Pocahontas?
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John Rolfe
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Who led a faction of stockholders that began to pump life into the dying organization by instituting a series of sweeping reforms and eventually ousting Sir Thomas Smith and his friends?
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Sir Edwin Sandys
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What was the House of Burgesses?
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an elective representative assembly
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What is a 'headright'?
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a 50-acre lot for which they paid only a small annual rent
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Who were the average people who came to the New World?
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single males in their teens or twenties who came as indentured servants
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In the early decades, men outnumbered women by as much as ___to ___
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6; 1
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What were the major killers of the people?
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contagious diseases
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In 1624, the embarrassed king dissolved the bankrupt enterprise and transformed Virginia into what?
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a royal colony
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In 1634, what did the assembly do?
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divided the colony into eight counties
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Who was the most important institution of local government in Virginia?
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'County Court'
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Who was a leading planter in 1705?
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Robert Beverley
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Who was a driving force behind the founding of Maryland?
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Sir George Calvert, later Lord Baltimore
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What did Calvart shockingly and boldly declare?
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his catholicism
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What became the capital of Maryland?
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the purchased village from the Yaocomico Indians
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What is a 'palatine lord'?
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a proprietor with almost royal powers
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persons who purchased 6000 acres from Baltimore were called what?
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Lords of the manor
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What was the 'act concerning religion'
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an act which extended toleration to all individuals who accepted the divinity of Christ
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Who wrote "of plymouth plantation"- which was one of the first and most lyrical accounts of an early American Settlement?
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William Bradford
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Why did the pilgrims land in New England?
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Because of an error in navigation
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where were they really headed?
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to virginia
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Who was the patuxt Indian who welcomed the first pilgrims in excellent english?
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squanto
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The puritans were like what?
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calvinists
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Who was the future governor of Massachusetts Bay that was caught in the events of Charles deciding to rule England without parliament?
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John Winthrop
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The Bay Colonists came to accept a highly innovative form of church gov known as what?
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Congregationalism
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The community constructed a _____ together to observe common goals.
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meetinghouse
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What is the 'Lawes and Liberties"
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The first alphabetized code of law printed in english
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Who arrived to massachusetts bay in 1631 and immediately attracted a body of followers and preached extreme separatism?
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Roger Williams
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Who suggested that all but two ministers in the colony were preaching a doctrine in the congregational churches that was little better than that of the church of england?
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Anne Hutchinson
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Who was Connecticut's most prominent minister that helped all new englanders define congregational church polity?
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Thomas Hooker
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Who entered history through a candid account of pioneer life produced by their son, robert, who was only a small child at the time of their arrival?
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the Witherspoons
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What did the elements that the various local societies in which families like the Witherspoons put down reflect?
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1. supply of labor
2. abundance of land 3. unusual demographic patterns 4. economy based almost entirely on a single staple- tobacco |
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What played a central role in shaping the puritans' society?
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the institution about the character of the godly family
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What reduced the shock of adjusting to a strange environment three thousand miles from home?
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the comforting presence of immediate family members
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Where did the explanation of this extraordinary growth lie?
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in the region's high survival rate
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What altered family relations?
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longer life
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This society produced real what?
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patriarchs
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The household was primarily what?
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a place of work
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The towns were made of families that intermarried which made the community become what?
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an elaborate kinship network
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During this period, puritan women were often described as what?
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'deputy husbands'
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Who was one of America's most creative poets who wrote movingly of the fulfillment she had found with her husband?
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Anne Bradstreet
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What was the piece called?
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"To my Dear and loving husband"
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What were sumptuary laws?
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statutes that limited the wearing of fine apparel to the wealthy and prominent
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what are yeomen
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independent farmers
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Most immigrants to which region died soon after arriving?
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Chesapeake
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Migration not only cut them off from their english families but also did what?
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deprived them of an opportunity to form new ones
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What crop became the Chesapeake staple?
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tobacco
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Who formed the largest class in Chesapeake society?
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freemen
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Most 17th century freemen lived how?
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on the edge of poverty
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What was known as the 'emergence of a creole majority'?
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when important leadership positions went to men who had actually been born in america
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What was the key to success in this creole society?
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ownership of slaves
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ordinary people discovered it was much harder to rise in which society?
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chesapeake
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Who possessed enormous powers in america?
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royal governors
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what are 'middle class democracies'?
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societies run by moderately prosperous yeomen farmers who exercised independent judgment
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Who believed that they had a special obligation to preserve colonial liberties?
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elected members of the colonial assemblies
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What was a major source of shared political info?
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the weekly journal
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What three things scrutinized court decisions and legistlative actions from all 13 mainland colonies?
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1. The Board of Trade
2. The Privy Council 3. Parliament |
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What were the itinerants called?
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'New lights'
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Some congregations split into what two groups?
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defenders of the new emotional preaching and those who regarded the entire movement as dangerous nonsense
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What did New Light Presbyterians establish in 1746?
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College of New Jersey
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What did this become?
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Princeton University
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What school did the evangelical minister, Eleazar Wheelock, launch?
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Dartmouth
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What two schools did other revivalists found?
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Brown and Rutgers
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Expressive evangelicalism struck a responsive chord among who?
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african americans
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Who was the founder of the african methodist episcopal church?
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Richard Allen
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During the revolution, what race did very well?
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the white americans
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More than ___% of american's unfree workers lived in the south and they represented a huge capital investment
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90
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Who did the ultimate responsibility for preserving the empire fall to?
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George III
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What group ruled the nations?
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the Whigs
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The english ruling classes insisted that parliament was what?
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the dominant element within the constitution
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Who claimed that all people possessed natural inalienable rights?
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Locke
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Locke united what in his writings?
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traditional religious values with a spirited defense of popular government
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What became the dominant theme of revolutionary political writing?
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insistence on public virtue
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How could persons living in various parts of the continent closely follow events that occurred in distant american cities?
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colonial newspapers
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More than any other group, the indians suffered as a direct result of what?
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imperial reorganization
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What prohibited governors from granting land beyond the headwaters of rivers flowing into the atlantic?
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the Proclamation of 1763
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The Sugar Act and the acts that soon followed did what between america and great britain?
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redefined the relationship
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What american protested the stamp act in Virginia?
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patrick henry
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Since wives and mothers spend their days involved with household chores, what 3 specials responsibilities did they have?
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1. reform consumption
2. root out luxury 3. promote frugality |
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Who organized public anniversaries commemorating the repeal of the stamp act and the boston massacre?
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Samuel Adams
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Adams developed a structure of political cooperation that was what?
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completely independent of royal government
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When was the boston tea party?
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December 16, 1773
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What was endorsed that included 55 elected delegates from 12 colonies?
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The Continental congress
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Who were 6 famous americans in this group?
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John adams, samuel adams, patrick henry, richard henry lee, christopher gadsden and george washington
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What were special companies of massachusetts militia prepared to respond instantly to military emergencies?
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minutemen
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The delegates formed a continental army; who was the leader?
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George washington
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What book by Thomas Paine systematically stripped kinship of historical and theological justification?
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Common Sense
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What group of people were convinced that independence would destroy those values by promoting disorder?
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the loyalists
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Who was the public figure who came to symbolize the triumph of democracy?
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Andrew Jackson
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What happened that made Jackson a favorite in the south during the election of 1824?
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John C. Calhoun withdrew and decided to run for vp
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What was the new congress' main business?
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tariff issue
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What became known as the "tariff of abominations"?
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the substantial across-the-board increase in duties that resulted
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What gave Jacksonians the edge in the election of 1828?
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their success in portraying their candidate as an authentic man of the people
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What was one of the major things that jackson stood for?
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the removal of indians from the gulf states
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What was the incident that brought the conflict between calhoun and jackson to head?
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peggy eaton affair
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