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Otto Loewi
1921 demonstrated chemical signaling in the nervous system
Neurotransmitter
Chemical released by a neuron onto a target with excitatory/inhibitory effect
Criteria for classifying NT
1. Synthesized or present in neuron
2. Produces response in target cell
3. Same response obtained when chemical is experimentally placed on target
4. Mechanism for removal
Electrical Synapse
aka "Gap Junction" fused pre/post synaptic membranes, action potential passes directly from on neuron to next, faster but not as flexible
Chemical Synapse
NT diffuses from pre to post SM
adaptation is slower but has increased behavioral flexibility
majority of mammalian nervous systems chemical synapses
Neurotransmission STEP 1
"Synthesis and Storage," precursor chemicals imported into terminal button from extracellular fluid or microtubules. NT synthesized and packaged into vesicles
Neurotransmission STEP 2
"Release" Action potential opens voltage gated Ca++ channels causing influx, detaching vesicles releasing contents through exocitosis
Neurotransmission STEP 3
"Receptor Action" NT diffuses across synapse binds to post-synaptic receptor
Neurotransmission STEP 4
"Inactivation" NT cleared from synapse by breakdown through enzymes, re-uptake, diffusion, or uptake by neighboring glial cells
Ionotrophic Receptors
"turn towards ions" when activated pore opens forming ion channel
fast acting, can lead to EPSP or IPSP
Metabotrophic Receptor
"turn toward change" activation sets off chemical events, slower acting, long term changes in neuron, genes, # of receptors, opening channels
NT Categories
Amino Acids
Biogenic Amines
Peptides
Soluble gases
Amino Acids
Evolutionarily oldest, simplest, fast-acting, majority ionotrophic receptors, synthesized in axon terminal, found throughout CNS
ex. GABA, Glu
Biogenic Amines
Newer more complex, slower-acting, majority metabotrophic receptors, synthesized in axon terminal, mostly found in brainstem
Peptides
Newer, very complex, slower acting, majority metabreceptors, synthesized in cell body by mRNA, transported pre-packaged to axon terminal,often co-released w/other NTs
Modulatory Functions
Biogenic Amines+Peptides often have more complex nuanced roles
influence communication, reg. bottom-up activity, synchronization, motivation/emotional influence
Glutamate
Main excitatory NT
Synthesis: basic part of cell metabolism, found everywhere
Inactivation: re-uptake
Behavior: learning+memory
GABA
Main inhibitory NT
Synthesis: Glutamate and enzyme
Inactivation: re-uptake
Behavior: regulating anxiety and effects of alcohol and sedatives
ACh
Synthesis: precursors choline and acetate Inactivation: breakdown in synapse by AChE in synapse
Behavior: used by motor neurons, memory and cognition
Myasthenia Gravis
Autoimmune disorder causing muscle weakness and fatigue. Immune Sys. makes ACh receptor proteins on muscles as invaders. Antibodies block receptors signal can't be received