The Mind TL 2

systemic use of a human relationship for therapeutic purposes; to effect enduring changes in a patient's thinking, feeling, & behaviors

1. behavioral
2. cognitive-behavioral
3. psychodynamic insight-oriented
4. interpersonal
5. supportive
6. other: (group, marital, family, social skills training)

observable behavior: completing serial-sequential activities in order to lead to habit formations.
Change behavior to change feelings.

generally short-term

Get a response to a conditioned stimulus through paired stimuli.

responses are produced within the subject rather than an outside stimulus.
Positive reinforcers more effective than negative reinforcers.
Ex: child smiles -> picked up by parent -> child deliberately smiles

1. relaxation therapy
2. systematic desensitization
3. flooding
4. behavioral modification

Patient achieves voluntary control over feelings of tension & relaxation.
Requires highly motivated patients.
Used for anxiety & pain disorders.

Patient taught to reduce or control fear elicited by a SPECIFIC stimulus.

Patient taught to extinguish anxiety produced by a SPECIFIC stimulus by placing him/her in direct contact w/stimulus.

Uses reinforcement to shape behavior.
positive > negative.
Used for EtOH or other substance abuse, eating disorders, conduct disorders.

CBT: cognitive structures or schemas shape the way people react to situations.
Goal is to identify & restructure the negative schemas that shape the patient's perceptions.

1. negative view of self
2. negative interpretation of the experience
3. negative view of the future

short-term: 12-20 sessions

homework & assignments
test & correct incorrect cognitions

*overgeneralization
*magnification & minimization
*dichotomous thinking (all or nothing/absolute)
-arbitrary inference
-selective abstraction
-personalization

*depression
-anxiety disorders
CBT is effective for GAD, panic disorder, bulimia, depression.

Derived from psychoanalysis.
Unconscious conflict produces anxiety.
Task is to understand patient's inner world.
Nonjudgmental & empathetic.

Goal is to help patient arrive at deeper understanding of symptoms & patterns in life in order to make positive changes.
*connect past to present*
long-term

denial, projection, regression, repression, splitting, reaction formation, undoing, isolation, displacement

the unconscious or conscious force of the patient opposing the emergence of unconscious material to protect oneself from the anticipated emotional distress

a patient's perceptions & feelings toward the therapist or physician based on experiences with important people earlier in one's life, especially parents & siblings.
Unconscious.

the therapist's reactions to a patient, based on the patient's transference or the therapist's own past experiences.

therapeutic neutrality
supportive techniques
clarification
interpretation
dream work.

history of trauma
personality disorders

80% fared better on outcome studies vs no treatment

focuses on problems in relationships.
Focus on present.
Short-term: ~20 sessions
Goal is to help patient identify areas that interfere with self-esteem.

Therapist helps patient learn new communication styles & behaviors.
Depression, bulimia.
Interpersonal disputes, role transitions, interpersonal deficits, grief.

especially for depression & post-partum depression.

a continuum of psychodynamic psychotherapy.
Brief for crisis intervention.
Long for chronic mental illnesses.

Goal: to help patient adjust to difficult situations or manage crisis.
-advice-giving
-encouragement
-support
*effective for wide range of psychiatric disorders

for people with common experiences.
Often perceived improvement in life functioning & adaptation to stresses.

Therapist must remain neutral.
Observe patterns in communication & provide suggestions for change.

Addresses expressed emotions (emotion no explicitly addressed w/in family).
Addresses emotional over-involvement of family members.
Observe, gently address patterns.
Neutrality & nonjudgemental.

Focuses on basic activites of daily living for independent functioning.
Primarily for those with severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

1. major depressive disorder
2. bipolar disorder
3. dysthymic disorder
4. cyclothymic disorder
5. substance induced mood disorder
6. mood disorder secondary to medical condition
7. adjustment disorder with depressed mood
8. bereavement
9. premenstrual dysphoric disorder