- Shuffle
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Alphabetize
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Front First
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Both Sides
Toggle OnToggle Off
Front
How to study your flashcards.
Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key
Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
PLAY BUTTON
PLAY BUTTON
150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
asexual
|
do not produce specialized reproductive or sex cells called gametes
|
|
the ____ produced in the male reproductive system are called ____ cells
|
gametes, sperm
|
|
gametes produced in the female reproductive system are called ____ cells or ____
|
egg, ova
|
|
one ____ cell and one ____ come together during the process of ________ to produce a cell called the _____
|
sperm, ovum, fertilization, zygote
|
|
the zygote
|
contains an intermingling of genetic messages from the sex cells of both parents
|
|
the ____ has a dual function in men
|
urethra
|
|
the urethra
|
serves as a passageway for both urine and reproductive fluid from the body
|
|
male reproductive fluid
|
semen
|
|
in males, _______ ______ is sometimes used in place of reproductive system
|
urogenital system
|
|
the _____ organs of reproduction in men and women are called the ____
|
essential, gonads
|
|
the _____ of men consist of a pair of main sex glands called the ____
|
gonads, testes
|
|
the ____ produce the male sex cells, or _______ and ______
|
testes, spermatozoa, testosterone
|
|
the ______ organs of reproduction in men consist of the following structures:
|
accessory; series of passageways or ducts, additional sex glands, external genitals
|
|
passageways/ducts:
|
carry the sperm from the testes to the exterior
|
|
additional sex glands:
|
provide secretions that protect and nurture sperm
|
|
external reproductive organs:
|
external genitals
|
|
essential male reproductive organs:
|
gonads: testes
|
|
ducts:
|
epididymis (two), vas deferens (two), ejaculatory duct (two), and urethra
|
|
supportive sex glands:
|
seminal vesicle (two), bulbourethral or cowper's gland (two), and prostate gland
|
|
external genitals:
|
scrotum and penis
|
|
the paired ____ are the ____ of men
|
testes, gonads
|
|
the testes are located in the pouchlike _____ , which is suspended outside of the body cavity below the ____
|
scrotum, penis
|
|
exposed location of the testes :
|
provide an environment about 1* c (3* f) cooler than normal body temp
|
|
lower temp of testicular location:
|
important requirement for the normal production and survival of sperm
|
|
each ____ is a small, oval gland about 1.5 in long and 1 in wide
|
testis
|
|
each testis is surrounded by a tough, whitish membrane called the ____ ____
|
tunica albuginea
|
|
the tunica albuginea covers the _____ and then enters the gland to form the many ____ that divide it into sections or ____
|
testicle, septa, lobules
|
|
each ____ consists of a narrow but long and coiled _____ _____
|
seminiferous tubule
|
|
seminiferous tubules:
|
form the bulk of the testicular tissue mass
|
|
_____ _____ of the testes secrete the male sex hormone ______
|
interstitial cells, testosterone
|
|
small, specialized cells lying near the septa that separate the lobules
|
interstitial cells
|
|
each ______ _____ is a long duct with a central _____ or passageway
|
seminiferous tubule, lumen
|
|
____ develop in the walls of the seminiferous tubule and are then released into the lumen
|
sperm
|
|
sperm production is called _______
|
spermatogenesis
|
|
from puberty on, the _______ ______ continuously form _______ (sperm)
|
seminiferous tubules, spermatozoa
|
|
sperm:
|
although the number of sperm produced each day diminish with increasing age, most men continue to produce significant numbers throughout life
|
|
sperm precursor (stem) cells:
|
spermatogonia
|
|
spermatogonia:
|
are located near the outer edge of each seminiferous tubule
|
|
mitosis
|
results in the division of a "parent" cell into two "daughter" cells
|
|
when a boy enters puberty, circulating levels of _____ cause a _______ to undergo a unique type of cell division
|
follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh), spermatogonium
|
|
daughter cell that forms a more specialized cell called a ______ ______
|
primary spermatocyte
|
|
primary spermatocyte:
|
undergoes a specialized type of division called meiosis
|
|
meiosis:
|
results in sperm formation
|
|
in meiosis:
|
two cell divisions occur (not one as in mitosis)
|
|
the daughter cells in meiosis are called _______
|
spermatids
|
|
the four spermatids in meiosis:
|
only have half the genetic material and half the chromosomes of other body cells
|
|
in women _____ results in a single ovum, which also has ___ chromosomes
|
meiosis, 23
|
|
spermatozoa:
|
are among the smallest and most highly specialized cells in the body
|
|
mitosis
|
results in the division of a "parent" cell into two "daughter" cells
|
|
when a boy enters puberty, circulating levels of _____ cause a _______ to undergo a unique type of cell division
|
follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh), spermatogonium
|
|
daughter cell that forms a more specialized cell called a ______ ______
|
primary spermatocyte
|
|
primary spermatocyte:
|
undergoes a specialized type of division called meiosis
|
|
meiosis:
|
results in sperm formation
|
|
in meiosis:
|
two cell divisions occur (not one as in mitosis)
|
|
the daughter cells in meiosis are called _______
|
spermatids
|
|
the four spermatids in meiosis:
|
only have half the genetic material and half the chromosomes of other body cells
|
|
in women _____ results in a single ovum, which also has ___ chromosomes
|
meiosis, 23
|
|
spermatozoa:
|
are among the smallest and most highly specialized cells in the body
|
|
sex hormones in both sexes are important in development of ______ ______ ______ and normal ______ system activity
|
secondary sexual characteristics, reproductive
|
|
structural plan of male reproductive system:
|
reproductive organs are classified as essential or accessory
|
|
______ organs of reproduction are the _____ (testes in males), which produce sex cells called ______
|
essential, gonads, sperm
|
|
______ organs; ducts, sex glands, external genitals
|
accessory
|
|
ducts
|
passageways that carry sperm from testes to exterior
|
|
sex glands
|
produce protective and nutrient secretions for sperm
|
|
testes
|
the gonads of men
|
|
location of testes:
|
scrotum
|
|
temperature of testes:
|
1* lower
|
|
_________ cells produce _______
|
interstitial, testosterone
|
|
testis functions:
|
spermatogenesis
|
|
spermatogenesis:
|
process of sperm production
|
|
spermatogenesis:
|
meiosis, spermatozoa
|
|
meiosis produces ______ ______, which forms four ______ with 23 chromosomes
|
primary spermatocyte, spermatids
|
|
spermatozoa:
|
highly specialized cells
|
|
spermatozoa:
|
head, acrosomes, mitochondria
|
|
production of testosterone:
|
carried on by the interstitial cells of the testes
|
|
______ "masculinizes" and promotes and maintains development of the male _____ organs
|
testosterone, accessory
|
|
testosterone stimulates ______ ______ and development of muscle strength
|
protein anabolism
|
|
______ pass through _______ ducts after exiting _____ until they exit from the body by way of the ______
|
sperm, reproductive, testes, epididymis
|
|
epididymis:
|
single, coiled tube about 6 m in length
|
|
the _____ lies along the top and behind the _____ in the _____
|
epididymis, testis, scrotum
|
|
_____ mature and develop the capacity for mobility as they pass through the ______
|
sperm, epididymis
|
|
reproductive ducts:
|
epididymis, ductus vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
|
|
ductus vas deferens:
|
receives sperm from the epididymis and transports them from scrotal sac through the abdominal cavity
|
|
ductus vas deferens:
|
passes through inguinal canal
|
|
ductus vas deferens:
|
joins ducts of seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct
|
|
ejaculatory duct:
|
passes through the substance of the prostate gland and permits sperm to empty into the urethra
|
|
sex glands:
|
produce semen
|
|
mixture of ____ and secretions of ______ sex glands
|
sperm, accessory
|
|
averages 3 to 5 ml per ______, with 100 million _____ per ml
|
ejaculation, sperm
|
|
seminal vesicles:
|
pouchlike glands that produce about 60% of seminal volume
|
|
seminal vesicles:
|
secretion is yellowish, thick, rich in fructose to provide energy needed by sperm for mobility
|
|
prostate gland:
|
urethra passes through the gland
|
|
prostate gland:
|
thin, milk-colored secretion represents 30% of seminal fluid volume
|
|
prostate gland:
|
provides an alkaline protection for sperm (vagina is acidic)
|
|
bulbourethral (cowper's) glands:
|
resemble peas in size and shape
|
|
bulbourethral (cowper's) glands:
|
secrete mucous-like fluid constituting less than 5% of seminal fluid volume
|
|
the _____ and _____ constitute the ______ reproductive organs or genitalia of men
|
penis, scrotum, external
|
|
scrotum:
|
skin-covered pouch suspended from the groin
|
|
scrotum:
|
internally divided into two sacs by the septum
|
|
penis:
|
three columns of erectile tissue
|
|
penis:
|
two dorsal columns called corpora cavernosa
|
|
penis:
|
one ventral column surrounding the urethra called corpus spongiosum
|
|
essential organs, or _____, in women are the _____
|
gonads, ovaries
|
|
ovaries:
|
produce sex cells called ova
|
|
female accessory organs:
|
ducts or modified ducts, sex glands, external genitals
|
|
female ducts:
|
oviducts, uterus, vagina
|
|
female sex glands:
|
includes those in breast
|
|
ovaries:
|
paired glands weighing about 3 g each
|
|
ovaries:
|
resemble large almonds
|
|
ovaries are attached to ______ in pelvic cavity on each side of _____
|
ligaments, uterus
|
|
ovarian follicles:
|
contain oocyte, an immature sex cell (about 1 million at birth) - for life
|
|
primary follicles:
|
are covered with granulosa cells (about 400,000 at puberty)
|
|
secondary follicles (graafian follicles)
|
have a hollow chamber called the antrum
|
|
corpus luteum:
|
forms after ovulation from ruptured follicle
|
|
ovary functions:
|
oogenesis
|
|
oogenesis:
|
the production of female gametes or sex cells
|
|
oogenesis:
|
meiotic cell division produces daughter cells with equal chromosome numbers (23) but unequal cytoplasm
|
|
ovum:
|
is large
|
|
polar bodies:
|
are small and degenerate
|
|
estrogen:
|
granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte in the mature female, and growing follicles produce estrogen
|
|
progesterone:
|
produced by corpus luteum
|
|
uterine tubes:
|
also called fallopian tubes or oviducts
|
|
uterine tubes:
|
extend about 10 cm from uterus into abdominal cavity
|
|
uterine tubes:
|
expanded distal and surrounded by fimbriae
|
|
uterine tubes:
|
mucosal lining of tube is directly continuous with lining of abdominal cavity
|
|
uterus:
|
composed of body, fundus, and cervix
|
|
uterus:
|
lies in pelvic cavity just behind urinary bladder
|
|
uterus:
|
myometrium is the muscle layer
|
|
uterus:
|
endometrium lost in menstruation
|
|
menopause:
|
end of repetitive menstrual cycle (ages 45-52)
|
|
vagina:
|
distensible tube about 10 cm long
|
|
vagina:
|
located between urinary bladder and rectum in the pelvis
|
|
bartholin's (greater vestibular) glands:
|
secretes mucous lubricating fluid
|
|
bartholin's (greater vestibular) glands:
|
ducts open between labia minora
|
|
breasts:
|
located over pectoral muscles of thorax
|
|
breasts:
|
size determined by fat quantity
|
|
breasts:
|
lactiferous ducts drain at nipple, which is surrounded by pigmented areola
|
|
female external genitals include:
|
mons pubis, clitoris, orifice of urethra, bartholin's glands, vagina, labia minora and majora, hymen
|
|
menstrual cycle:
|
involves many changes in the uterus, ovaries, vagina, and breasts
|
|
menstrual cycle:
|
lasts about 28 days, varies from month to month among individuals and in the same individual
|
|
menstrual cycle:
|
each cycle consists of three phases: menses, proliferative phase, secretory phase
|
|
menses:
|
about the first 4 or 5 days of the cycle
|
|
menses:
|
characterized by sloughing bits of endometrium (uterine lining) with bleeding
|
|
proliferative phase:
|
between menses and secretory phases
|
|
proliferative phase:
|
varies in length; characterized by repair of endometrium
|
|
secretory phase:
|
days between ovulation and next menses
|
|
secretory phase:
|
secretory about 14 days before next menses
|
|
in men and women the organs of the reproductive system are adapted for the specific sequence of functions that permit
|
development of sperm or ova, successful fertilization, normal development and birth of offspring
|
|
male organs:
|
designed to produce, store, and introduce mature sperm into the female reproductive tract
|
|
female organs:
|
designed to produce ova, receive the sperm, permit fertilization, facilitate fetal development and birth, and perform lactation
|
