Theme 13

the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide; in terrestrial animals this is accomplished by breathing

The bronchiole is a tiny tube in the respiration system within the lungs that is a continuation of the bronchi and connects to the alveoli (the air sacs) where oxygen exchange occurs. The bronchiole controls airflow resistance and air distribution in the lungs.

The little air bubbles that end up giving your lungs so freakin much surface area. That's where the gas exchange happens in your lungs.

Photochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants which includes particulates, nitrogen oxides, ozone, aldehydes, peroxyethanoyl nitrate (PAN), unreacted hydrocarbons, etc. The smog often has a brown haze due to the presence of nitrogen dioxide.

Sulfurous smog results from a high concentration of sulfur oxides in the air and is caused by the use of sulfur-bearing fossil fuels, particularly coal.

A Temperature Inversion traps any and all pollutants created by a region close to the ground. The pollutants cannot travel upwards and get dispersed out of breathing zones because the temperature inversion doesn't allow the warm polluted air to travel upwards.

The oxides of sulfur are:
Lower sulfur oxides - SxO, S7O2, S6O2.
Sulfur monoxide - SO
Sulfur dioxide - SO2
Sulfur trioxide - SO3

These gases (especially sulfur dioxide) are produced in various industrial process and volcanoes and can oxidize to produce acid rain.

The oxides of nitrogen are:
NO - nitric oxide
NO2 - nitrogen dioxide
N2O - nitrous oxide
N2O3 - dinitrogen trioxide
N2O4 - dinitrogen tetroxide
N2O5 - dinitrogen pentoxide

These oxides are produced during combustion and, when in the presence of sunlight, form a type of smog.

A carbon based compound which, as defined by the EPA participates in photochemical reactions and vaporizes under relatively low temperatures. Excludes compounds such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and carbon acid. VOCs harmful to human health, and despite common thought, the majority of VOC are produced by natural sources including wetlands cows, rice fields. Man sources include cars and buses, furniture and building materials, adhesives ect.

are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas or liquid

Particulate matter with a diameter of less than or equal to 10 micrometers

Second hand smoke is the involuntary inhalation of smoke, from tobacco products such as cigarettes. It occurs when smoke permeates the environment, causing inhalation by people within that environment. Scientific evidence shows that exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke causes disease, disability, and death.

A term that is used to descibe a building that causes illnesses or headaches, fatigue...etc 1 in every 5 buildings in the US has this.

Powerful respiratory and eye irritants round in photochemical smog. General equation: CxHyO3 + NO2 → CxHyO3NO2

Any type of precipitation that is acidic. This type of water is harmful to the environment, more spicifically aquatic creatures, plants, and infrastructure.Thsi is caused by emissions of sulfer and nitrogen.

An organic compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. Aldehydes are typically slightly acidic because of the ir chemical formula: O=CH-R.

the deposition of wet (acidic rain, fog, snow or clouds) or dry (acidic particles) on the Earth’s surface as a result of air pollutants

an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.

The 1990 Clean Air Act is a piece of United States environmental policy relating to the reduction of smog and air pollution

A device used to reduce the toxicity of emissions from car engines.

A particulate collection device that removes particles from air using the force of an induced electrostatic charge.

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Indoor air pollution poses a greater risk than outdoor to most people. Sources include particulate matter, unmaintained air conditioning and heating systems and filters, building and paint materials, certain furniture, ozone emitted by office machines such as printers and faxes. Low ventilation in most offices and public spaces contributes to the severity of indoor air pollution.

is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, naturally occurring, radioactive noble gas that is formed from the decay of radium (it is the 2nd most common cause of lung cancer in the U.S.)

Chemicals that are harmful in the form because they are released into the environment. The chemicals released are SO2, CO, NOx,HC

Chemicals which are modified and become harmful after mixing in the troposhpere with other chemicals. This produces O3. The sun also gives the energy for a lot these reactions

a chronic lung disease caused by exposure to air pollution (usually tobacco smoke); the lungs lose their elacticity and alveoli are damaged or destroyed

the shock that aquatic environments go through in the spring when snows melt. all the acid in the snow melts and enters the aquatic environment all at once; this affects the reproduction cycles because most organisms reproduce in the spring

In the stratosphere, ozone is a natural form of oxygen that provides a protective layer shielding the earth from ultraviolet radiation. In the troposphere, ozone is a chemical oxidant and major component of photochemical smog.

Anthropogenic CO and CO2 are produced by burning fossil fuels. Most of CO2 production is given off by natural or biogenic methods. Most of the CO2 emitted each year is produced by respiration and is balanced by photosynthesis. Carbon monoxide is formed by the incomplete burning of fossil fuels. It binds to hemoglobin and is an asphyxiant because O2 is what should bind to hemoglobin.

A condition in which leaves produce insufficient amounts of chlorophyll. This causes the color of the leaves to turn from green to a pale yellow or yellow-white. These plants affected have trouble producing carbohydrates through photosynthesis.

a combustion technology used in power plants, the reason, which has become increasingly important, is the possibility of achieving, during combustion, a low emission of nitric oxides and the possibility of removing sulfur in a simple manner by using limestone as bed material. Atmospheric fluidized beds use a shy limestone or dolomite to capture sulfur released by the combustion of coal. Jets of air suspend the mixture of sorbent and burning coal during combustion, converting the mixture into a suspension of red-hot particles that flow like a fluid. Lower burning temp = less pollution.

Mixing limestone with coal during burning to remove sulfur; however, this creates slag

PZEV's are Partial Zero Emissions Vehicals which have zero evaporative emissions from its fuel system. These automobiles have a 15 year or 150,000 mile warranty.

A period of four days in London, England where a heat inversion which caused much of the smog to stay at ground level. The smog was so bad that between 4000-12,000 people died.

The EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six principal pollutants, which are called "criteria" pollutants. The Clean Air Act established two types of national air quality standards. Primary standards set limits to protect public health, including the health of "sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. Secondary standards set limits to protect public welfare, including protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.

a silicate material made up of long fibers; often used for insulation, the inhalation of these fibers can cause serious illnesses, mainly lung cancer

chemical compound often used in synthesis of materials (i.e. plywood or carpeting); it is a carcinogenic toxic material and can cause respiratory irritation. this was the cause of illness in the Hurricane Katrina Trailer Incidents