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107 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
bone tissue is also called _____ tissue
osseous
the skill, spinal column, and thoracic cage make up the ____ division of the skeleton.
axial
by shape, most cranial bones, the sternum, and the scapulae are classified as ____ bone.
flat
Histological examination reveals 2 types of bone: _____ and ______ bone
compact and spongy.
_______ bone which forms the surface of all bones.
compact
_______ bone is found within the bodies of the vertebra and heads of the the long bones.
spongy
In life, a bone is covered with a very tough fibrous sheath called the _______.
periosteum
the bone-forming cells that synthesize its matriz and later become trapped in it are called.
osteoblasts.
most lamellae of compact bone are concentrically arranges around a space called the?
centeral canal.
blood is produces in a tissue of the skeletal system called the ______.
red bone marrow.
_________, which digests collagen in bone matrix, is secreted by osteoclats.
acid phosphates.
During the process in acid phosphates, chondrocyes in the zone of _______ enlarge, and the walls of the matrix between their lacunae become very thin.
cell hypertophy
the growth zone of a child's femur- a cartilaginous region between the shaft and head of the bone is called the ________.
ephyiseal plate
The structure of a bone is determined by the mechanical and gracitational forces applied to that bone is what?
Wolff's Law
A deficiency of calcium in the blood, called _____, can lead to sustained muscle contractions called _____.
hypocalcemia; tetany.
Calcium homeostasis in adults is maintained almost entirely by the secretion of ______, which regulates the activity of bone-dissolving cells called ________.
parathyroid hormone; osteoclats
The most common adult bone disease, especially among postmenopausal white women, is ________.
osteoprosis.
what occupy the lacunae of compact bone?
ostocytes
Bones that develop within the tendons sometimes after birth?
sesamoid bones
region of long bone made of compact bone with central meduallary cavity?
diaphysis
Layer of hyaline cartilage on the end of a long bone
articular cartilage
Bone-dissolving macrophages with ruffled borders.
osteoclasts
cells that release RANKL
osteoblasts
contain the nearest blood vessels to most osteocytes in compact bone
central canal
describes the function of red bone marrow
hemopoietic
mode of ossification that produces the flat cranial bones
intramembranous
the only method by which mature bones can grow.
appositional
what causes excessive sensitivity in nervous and muscle tissue
hypocalcemia
during ossification of the humerus, ________ hypertrophy and die.
chondrocytes.
the patella is an example of
a sesamoid bone
Calcitroil (vitamin D)synthesis involves all of the following except: a) ultraviolet light b) cholesterol ; c) the kidneys; d) the liver; e) osteoblasts
E
the process in which hyaline cartilage is converted to bone is called _______ ossification.
interstitial
calcitriol functions in:
increasing calcium absorption by the small intestine.
one example of ectopic ossification is?
atherosclerosis
A pit in the surface of a bone is called?
a fovea
A rough area on a bone, usually serving for muscle attachment, is
a tuberosity
the diaphysis of a 35-year old's femur is normally filled with
yellow marrow
tetany, laryngospasm, and suffocation could result from:
lack of parthyroid hormone
a healing fracture exhibits, at one stage, ________ containing collagen and patches of fibrocartilage.
a soft callus
the relative concentration of calcium and phosphate ions must reach a critical value, the solubility product, in order:
for bone deposition to occur.
the carpals are bones in the:
wrist
the head of a long bones is called the
epiphysis
the fusion of blood monocytes gives rise to:
osteoclasts
blood vessels of the periosteum enter the bone matrix by way of:
perforating canals
in endochondral ossification of the metaphyses of a long bone, the zone of _______ is the area where chondrocyes quit dividing and increase in size.
hypertrophy
Action potentials are propagated to the interior of a muscle fiber by extensions of the sarcolemma called the
T tubels
the _________serves as a reservoir of calcium ions in skeletal muscle.
terminal cisteria of SR
The thick myofilaments are composed of the protein ________.
myosin
The synapse where a motor nerve fiber and muscle fiber meet is called
neuromuscular junction.
motor nerve fibers stimulate skeletal muscle fibers with a neurotransmitter called
acetycholine (ACh)
a skeletal muscle fiber has a resting potential of about -90 mV, called its ______, across the sarcolemma.
resting membrane potential
When a muscle fiber is excited, its membrane produces a brief, self-propagating voltage change called a
action potential
currently, our best understanding of how muscle contracts is called the __________.
sliding filaments theory
myosin cannot bind to actin until calcium binds to _________ and __________ moves out of the way of the active sites on the actin.
troponin, tropmysion.
when a muscle is stimulated so frequently it can't completely relax between twitches, the successive twitches become stronger and stronger, this is called.
incomplete tetanus.
in ________ contraction, a muscle develops or maintains tension even as it is being stretched, thus preventing it from relaxing too quickly and producing abrupt, uncoordinated actions.
eccentric
the difference between one's normal rate of oxygen consumption and the rate seen at the end of a strenuous exercise is called _________.
oxygen debit.
In_____________ smooth muscle, neighboring muscle cells are joined by gap junctions, and stimulate each other to contract.
single unit.
most sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate smooth muscle contraction via the neurotransmitter.
norepinephrine.
structure that define the limits of a sarcomere
z discs.
End product of anaerobic fermentation partly responsible for muscle fatigue
lactic acid
Calcium-binding protein of the thin myofilament
troponin
calcium-binding protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
calsequestrin
source of energy for muscle contraction
glycogen
location of acetylcholinestease
synaptic cleft
movement of thin filament past thick filament in sarcomere
power stroke
sustained muscle contraction at a high-stimulus frequency
tetanus
shortening of a muscle while maintaining constant tension
isotonic contraction
provides energy for short bursts of skeletal muscle activity
phospahagen system
what catalyzes the transfer of P one from CP to ADP
Creatine Kinase
Which of the following is not found in the thin filaments of skeletal muscle?
a) F actin
b) ATPase
c) troponin
d) tropomysion
e) Ca 2+ receptors
B
In contrast to slow oxidative muscle fibers, fast glycolytic fibers:
fatigue more quickly
when a muscle develops tension but does not shorten, it is said to exhibit
isometric contraction
Endurance training has the least effect on the
thickness of muscle fibers
Autonomic nerve fibers release neurotransmitters from varicosities in
single-unit smooth muscle
In order for a skeletal muscle to relax, _______ must be enzymatically degraded
ACh
In skeletal and cardiac muscle, actin and myosin overlap in the ________ of a sarcomere
dark bands
a skeletal muscle fiber has more _____ than it does any of these other features.
sarcomeres
when there is not enough oxygen to produce ATP by aerobic respiration,a muscle fiber can produce some ATP by borrowing phosphate groups from:
creatine phosphate
what is present in smooth muscle myocytes but not in myofibers of skeletal muscle?
calmodulin
what does this refer to? when one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it innervates
motor unit
Actin is lacking from the ________ of a relaxed sarcomere.
H bands
based on the sliding filament theory, we would expect __________ during skeletal muscle contraction .
the I bands get shorter and A bands to remain the same.
the -90 mV membrane potential of a resting skeletal muscle cell results primarily from the
presence of large non diffusible anions in the ICF
what are the six functions for the skeletal system?
support, protection, movement, electroylte balance, acid-base balance, and blood formation.
osseous tissue is a connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by mineral depostion called
mineralization
the bones support the body and its structures
support
bones enclose and protect organs
protection
the action of muscles on bones produces movement
movement
the skeleton stores calcium and phosphate and releases them as needed.
electrolytes balance
bone tissue buffers the blood by abosrbing or releasing alkaline salts such as calcium phosphate
acid-base balance
red bone marrow is the major producer of blood cells, both red and white.
blood formation.
blood vessels penetrate into the bone through tiny holes called
nutrient foramina.
other collagen fibers of the outer layer penetrate into the bone matrix as
Sharpey fibers
_____________ is important to bone growth and fracture healing.
osteogenic layer.
the internal surface of a bone is lined with _____________.
endosteum
the spongy layer is called
diploe
_________ are stem cells that give rise to most other bone cells.
osteogenic cells
___________ are bone forming cells
osteoblasts
___________are former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the bone matrix they depostited.
Osteocytes.
osteocytes cells reside in cavities called__________, connected by slender channels called ________.
lacunae.canaliculi
Osteocytes function is to
resorb or deposit bone matrix.
____________ are bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface.
osteoclasts
_________ develop from bone marrow stem cells that give rise to blood cells
osteoclasts
the matrix or osseous tissue is about 1/3 _________ and 2/3 _________ matter.
organic and inorganic.
_______ matter includes collagen and protein-carbohydrate complexes.
organic
bones in a class of materials is called
composite