Tips for sucess eye

Progressive weakening of accommodation (focusing power). Associated with aging.

Patient can only see objects far away (farsighted).

Patient can only see objects nearby (nearsighted).

Abnormal growth of conjunctiva that extends over the cornea from the limbus (union of conjunctiva and sclera). More common in people heavily exposed to ultraviolet light.

Uncontrollable oscillation of the eye.

Abnormally dilated pupils.

“Pinpoint pupils!” Abnormally constricted pupils.

unequal pupils.

Depositions of lipids in the upper and lower eyelids indicative
of abnormal lipid metabolism.

Infection of the sebaceous glands at the base of the
eyelashes usually by Staphylococci. Painful.

A blockage of the meibomian (tarsal) glands on the lid itself.
NOT Painful.

A drooping of the upper eyelid indicative of a congenital or acquired weakness of the levator muscle or a paresis of a branch of CN III.

Eversion of the lower eyelid. Causes include: age-related tissue relaxation, cranial nerve VII palsy, and posttraumatic or surgical change.

Inversion of an eyelid. Causes include: age-related tissue relaxation, post infection or posttraumatic change, blepharospasm.

a ring around the edge of the cornea caused by lipid
deposition. A normal finding in patients >60 years old. In patients less than 40, this
may represent a lipid metabolism disorder.

“Bulging Eyes” or an increased volume of orbital content.
When unilateral, a retro-orbital tumor must be considered however.

Patient cannot focus both eyes on an object simultaneously. May
have deviation of one eye out of position relative to the other.

Hemi-sided loss of the cervical sympathetic innervation to the face and eye. Results in ipsilateral ptosis (eyelid drooping), miosis (pinpoint pupil), and anhydrosis (lack of sweating). May be congenital or acquired as a result of trauma or cancer.

clouding or increased opacity of the lens leading to blurring or loss of vision.
o Risk Factors: increased age, corticosteroid use, UV light exposure, smoking, diabetes mellitus

a malignant tumor of the retina often found in children < 2 years old.
Usually presents with loss of the red reflex in the affected eye and replacement with leukocoria
(white reflex).

soft, ill defined margins around the optic disc. No pigment changes visible.

caused by increased intra-cranial pressure
 Optic disc loses definition, pushed out central vessels, and dilated veins. Venous pulsations not visible. Visual alterations are late findings.

usually caused by aging, associated with senile macular degeneration
 Small discrete yellow spots on the retina that enlarge over time.

Caused by increased intraocular pressure. Associated with loss of peripheral vision. Seen in glaucoma.
 Disc margins are raised with lowered central area. Blood vessels disappear over the edge of disc. Optic atrophy from impaired blood supply (whiter disc). Cup to disc ratio increases.

Infarct areas. Associated with diabetic retinopathy or hypertensive retinopathy

Disease consisting of damage to the optic nerve usually caused by increased intra-ocular pressure from accumulation of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye.

Opening between the cornea and iris narrows resulting in a rapid buildup of pressure. It is an ophthalmologic emergency

Severely blurred vision, severe eye and head pain, nausea or vomiting, appearance of rainbow (colored halos around bright lights, rapid loss of vision.

o Background – Changes include: dot hemorrhages, hard exudates (bright
yellow lipid depositions), soft exudates (cotton wool spots)
o Proliferative – Changes include: local hypoxia leads to neovascularization (new vessel growth), but the new vessels tortuous, weak, and leak easily leading to hemorrhage and vision loss.

o Features: Increased light reflex from arterioles, arteriole narrowing, AV nicking, Cotton wool spots, flame hemorrhages, papilledema, decreased A-V ratio.

Hypertensive retinopathy

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Macular Degeneration – aging

Shaken Baby Syndrome

innervated by oculomotor

innervated by trochlear

innervated by abducens

moves eye in

moves eye in and up

moves eye in and down

moves eye out

moves eye up and out

moves eye down and out