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59 Cards in this Set

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What type of ribosomes are in viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa/helminths?
- viruses: none
- bacteria: 70S
- fungi: 80S
- protozoa/helminths: 80S
outer surface of viruses made of?
-protein capsid and lipoprotein envelope
outer surface of bacteria made of?
- peptidoglycan
outer surface of fungi made of?
- chitin
outer surface of protozoahelminths made of?
- flexible membrane
how do viruses replicate?
- not binary fission
how do bacteria replicate?
- binary fission
how do fungi replicate?
-budding/mitosis
how do protozoa/helminths replicate?
- mitosis
how many chromosomes do prokaryotic/bacterial cells have?
- one
what is the major difference between gram positive and negative?
- positive: peptidoglycan
- negative: thin peptidoglycan
lipoteichoic acid does what and where is it located?
- induces toxic shock
- all the way to the lipid bilayer in gram positive bacteria
Teichoic acid is located?
- gram positive bacteria
- freely moveable in peptidoglycan layer
Lipopolysaccharide contains what? located?
- lipotoxins
- outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
What is peptidoglycan made of?
- amino acids and sugars as a single covalently linked macromolecule
- bridges to other peptides on other chains
- sites for anti-microbial substances to attack (penicillin)
What is the toxic portion of LPS?
- lipid A portion (gram - bacteria)
What are the 7 essential components of bacteria?
- cell wall peptidoglycan
- outer membrane
- cytoplasmic membrane
- ribosome
- nucleoid
- mesosome
- periplasmic space
What are the 5 non-essential components of bacteria (that we need to know)
- capsule
- pilus/fimbriae
- flagella
- spore
- glycocalyx
What does the mesosome do?
- participates in cell division and secretion
What does the periplasmic space contain?
- hydrolytic enzymes
What is the purpose of glycocalyx?
- mediates adherence to surfaces
What does peritrichous mean?
- flagella that are all over the bacteria
what are the 2 purposes of pili?
- attachment of bacteria to epithelial surfaces
- exchange of DNA
What is the role of normal flora? (non harmful)
- host defense by occupying sites
- prevent establishment of colonization by pathogens
- possible nutritional value
What are the possible harmful roles of normal flora?
cause disease in
--immnocompromised
--not in usual location
Define infection
-growht of microbes
- commonly used to mean disease
define disease
- harm/damage
define pathogen
- microbe capabable of causing disease
define virulence
- quantitative measure of pathogenicity
define virulence factors
-properties of bacteria that cause disease
define infectious dose
- number of organisms needed to cause disease
define nosocomial
-hospital acquired infection
define iatrogenic
-physician/medical personnel induced infection
define epidemic
- infections more frequent than normal
define endemic
- constant low level of infection (cholera)
define pandemic
- world-wide infection (AIDS)
define incidence
- number new cases/specific time
define prevelance
- total number cases in population/ unit time
define sub-clinical/inapparent infections
- no disease but have organism
define latency
- dormant organism, can be rectivated
define carrier state
- growth w/o symptoms
define colonization
- growth in specific site
define epidemiology
- factors that influence acquisition and spread of infectious disease
define rservoir
- normal habitat
define source
- where infection was acquired
define vectors of transmission
- can be horizontal/vertical (mother to child)
- food, water, insect
define fomites
-inanimate objects that is source of transmission
define bacteremia
- bacteria found in blood
define septicemia
- bacteria actively growing in blood, producing symptoms
What are the 7 stages of bacterial pathogenesis?
1) transmission from source to portal of entry
2) evasion of host defenses
3) adhesion to host tissue
4) colonization and spread
5) damage
6) host response
7) progression/resolution
what are the 4 major portals of entry?
1) respiratory tract
2) GI tract
3) skin
4) genital tract
What are different ways pathogens can adhere to host tissues?
- pili
- capsules
- glycocalyx
- LPX O antigen side chains
- M protein
- other surface proteins (Invasins)
What exoenzymes increase the invasiveness of bacteria?
- enzymes that break down collagen and fibrin
- break down cellular material
- IgA protease
- leukocidins (kill lymphoid cells)
- beta-lactamases (modify antibiotics)
- coagulase
Damage can occur as a result of?
- cell death
- Alterations of metabolism
- mechanical causes
- damage from host response
Compare properties of exotoxins and endotoxins
Endotoxins
- gram +/-, secreted, polypeptide, genes in plasmid, very toxic, variety of effects, vaccines possible, heat unstable
Endotoxin
- gram -, not secreted, lipopolysaccharide, genes on chromosome, low toxicty, clinical effects are fever/shock and mode of action is TNF and IL-1 no matter what endotoxin, no vaccine, stable at high temperature
When do endotoxins induce a negative response?
- high amounts of IL-1 and TNF cause shock and intravascular coagulation
define prodromal period
- non-specific symptoms (Fever, malaise)
define specific illness period
- symptoms related to sepcific disease
Outline Koch's postulates
- organism isolated from patient w disease
- organism isolated
- organism capable of initiating disease in healthy patient
- organism recovered from inoculated patient