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47 Cards in this Set
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What are teratogenic plants? **What are 3 important teratogenic plants?
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Plants that cause congenital defects
1. Astragalus -AKA locoweed, milk-vetch 2. Lupinus 3. Veratrum |
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There are _____ (#) of species of Astragalus in the USA.
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400 species
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What is the most widespread toxic plant problem in the western U.S?
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Locoweed poisoning
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What are the 3 main ways that Astragali cause poisoning?
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1. Locoism
2. Respiratory & peripheral nerve degeneration 3. Chronic selenium toxicosis -due to plants being selenium accumulators |
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**What is the toxin in astragalus that causes locoism?
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Swainsonine- an indolizidine alkaloid
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*What is the toxin in astragalus that causes respiratory and peripheral nerve degeneration?
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Miserotoxin
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What are the reproductive related side effects of swainsonine (in Astragalus)?
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-Abortions are common in mid to late pregnancy and teratogenic effects
-Male infertility with reduced spermatogenesis |
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What are the 4 gross effects of locoweed (Astragalus) on the fetus?
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1) Delayed placentation
2) Decreased vascularization 3) Fetal edema & hemorrhage 4) Alteration of cotyledon development |
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**The highest number of deformed lambs is produced from exposure to locoweed during _____-_____d of gestation, resulting in ___-____% of deformed lambs.
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60-90 d of gestation
1-3% |
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Exposure to locoweed during day 60-130 d of gestation results in ________ lambs, with as high of an occurrence as _____%.
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Small weak lambs
High as 75% |
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How do you diagnose astragalus poisoning?
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History!!!
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What is one laboratory diagnostic specific to swainsonine?
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Decreased serum a-mannosidase activity
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The gross lesions caused by swainsonine are non specific, but what dramatic microscopic lesion is present in an animal with swainsonine toxicity?
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Neurovisceral cytoplasmic vacuolation
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What is the treatment of astragalus toxicosis?
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No proven treatment
-one removed from source of exposure recovery of clinical signs is rapid as long as the clinical signs are not of long duration |
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What is the prognosis of astragalus toxicity?
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Depends on length of exposure, damage can be irreversible
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Horses recovered from locoism should be considered ______.
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Unsound
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What are 4 ways to prevent astragalus toxicity?
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1) Restrict access
2) Supplement nutrients if animals in an infested pasture 3) Remove animals -animals that begin eating locoweed to prevent intoxication 4) Spraying -but may make toxic plants more palatable |
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More than a dozen quinolizidine alkaloids and other types of alkaloids have been isolated from plants of Lupinus, these alkaloids are largely ________.
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Nicotinic
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Little is known about the individual alkaloid toxicity of lupine, but teratogenesis has been connected with the alkaloid ________.
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Anagyrine
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Fetal abnormalities occur when lupine is ingested between ____ and ______ days of gestation.
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40 & 70 days of gestation
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What causes crooked calf syndrome?
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lupine is ingested b/w 40 & 70 days of gestation
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Sheep that ingest lupine often have clinical signs that include characteristic ________ with depression, salivation, ataxia, colonic spasms, head pressing tremors, seizures and coma and frequently death.
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labored breathing (snoring)
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What are the 2 possible clinical signs that can preceed death in sheep that consume lupine?
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1) Only by coma w/ no other signs
2) Violent attacks on other animals or objects |
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What is crooked calf syndrome?
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Carpal flexure, torticollis and scoliosis in calves exposed in utero during days 40-70 d of gestation to lupine
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What is the toxic principle of crooked calf syndrome?
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The alkaloid anagyrine
***Not teratogenic to sheep fetuses |
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Lupines are a major toxic problem in range sheep and are toxin when ingested at ____% or less of body weight.
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1%
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How do you diagnose lupine toxicity?
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Chemical analysis for alkaloids in blood, liver, kidney or stomach contents w/ a history of consumption
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**What is the primary lesion of crooked calf syndrome?
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Cattle w/ cleft palate, characteristic limb and spinal deformities
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True or false. There is a treatment for the limb deformities in calves with crooked calf syndrome.
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False, no treatment
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What is the prognosis of lupine toxicity (crooked calf syndrome)?
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Treatment for severe limb contracture is futile and prognosis is poor
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**How do you prevent lupine toxicity (crooked calf syndrome)?
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Correct range management is preferred
-alter grazing rotations so that cows are not exposed to lupines b/w days 40 to 70 days of gestation |
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True or false. Skunk cabbage and veratrum californicum are the same plant.
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False
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****The teratogenic _____ alkaloids in veratrum californicum can cause defects such as cyclopia in sheep, horses and other animals that graze upon it.
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Jervanine alkaloids
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*What is the toxin in veratrum californicum that can cause cyclopia
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Cyclopamine
-a jervanine alkaloid |
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What is the mode of action of veratrum induced malformations?
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Inhibition of cellular movement during differentiation
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*********Veratrum produces a congenital cyclopian malformation in lambs born to ewes exposed on the ______ day of gestation.
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Fourteenth
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How do you diagnose veratrum californicum toxicity?
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ID and availability of plants and clinical signs
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What causes the disease "pine needle abortion"?
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associated w/ ingestion of the needles of Pinus spp.
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What is the toxin in pine needles that has been shown to be a probable cause of abortion?
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Isocupressic acid (ICA)
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**What is the mode of action of ponderosa pine toxicity?
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Isocupressic acid causes a reduction in uterine blood flow to the fetus --> decreased nutrients & oxygen --> release of fetal cortisol (direct stimulus of parturition in cows)
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*Ponderosa pine needle abortions usually occur during the ____ trimester of pregnancy.
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Third trimester- last 3 months
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*What are five characteristics of ponderosa pine needle abortion?
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1) Mucous discharge from vagina
2) Weak uterine contractions 3) Incomplete cervical and vaginal dilation 4) Dystocia 5) Retained placenta |
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*What commonly occurs after a cattle aborts from ponderosa pine needle toxicity?
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Severe uterine infections (metritis)
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**Abortions have resulted from a single exposure of ___ to ____ kgs of ponderosa pine needles.
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1 to 2 kgs
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No specific clinical pathologies are associated with ponderosa pine needle abortion, but elevated white cell counts w/ a left shift and elevated fibrinogen is seen in cows with __________.
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Septic metritis
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How do you diagnose ponderosa pine needle abortion?
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Based on evidence of access to the trees or shrubs
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*What is the most important factor when trying to prevent ponderosa pine needle abortion?
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Avoid ingestion of pine needles
-Fence of those areas during late pregnancy -provide ample food |
