Travel, Knowledge Islam Final Exam Review

Place of study. Religious school. a school or college teaching the Islamic sciences, especially law.

Persian vizier of the Turkish Seljuq sultans (1063–92), best remembered for his large treatise on kingship, Seyāsat-nāmeh (The Book of Government; or Rules for Kings); and also for systematically founding a number of schools of higher education in several cities, the famous Nizamiyyah schools, which were named after him. He was assassinated by a member of the Hashshashin sect in 1092 near Nahavand, Persia.

the 11th century prototype of the four-sided madrasa

Reports of the words and deeds of the Prophet and his companions (Sunna); usually accompanied by a list of transmitters (isnad); one of the major sources of Islamic law

"understanding"; the science of Islamic jurisprudence; Islamic religious law.

movement or school of thought that followed a particular methodology for discerning and applying Shari'a; The four major schools are the Hanafi, the Hanbali, the Maliki, and the Shafi'i.

teacher; to teach

believe that Muhammad designated his cousin and son-in-law Ali to be his successor at Ghadir Khumm. There are two basic doctrines that distinguish Shi'is from Sunnis. First the rightful imam had to be a lineal descendant of Muhammad, in particular, the line of Ali and Muhammad's daughter Fatima. The second and more controversial is that the caliph or imam was not only the political head of the community, but an infallible religious teacher--guaranteed to be without error in matters of faith and morals.

was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who ruled over the Rashidun empire from 656 to 661. Sunni Muslims consider ʿAlī as the fourth and final Rashidun (Rightly Guided Caliph) while Shī‘a Muslims regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants as the rightful successors to Muhammad, all of which are members of the Ahl al-Bayt, the household of Muhammad. This disagreement split the Muslim community into the Sunni and Shī‘a branches.[1][5] ;In Muslim culture, ʿAlī is respected for his knowledge, belief, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, deep loyalty to Muhammad, equal treatment of all Muslims and generosity in forgiving his defeated enemies, and therefore is central to mystical traditions in Islam such as Sufism. ʿAlī retains his stature as an authority on Qur'anic exegesis, Islamic jurisprudence and religious thought.[11][5] Ali holds a high position in almost all Sufi orders which trace their lineage through him to Muhammad. ʿAlī's influence has thus continued throughout Islamic history. [1]

was a Sahaba (companion) of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad and later the Umayyad caliph in Damascus. He engaged in a civil war against the fourth and final Rashidun (Rightly Guided Caliphs), Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib) (Muhammad's son-in-law) and met with considerable military success, including the seizure of Egypt. He assumed the caliphate after Ali's assassination in 661 and led until 680.

Because of his involvement in the Battle of Siffin against Ali, whom the Shia Muslims believe was Muhammad's true successor (see Succession to Muhammad), the belief that he broke the treaty he made with Hasan ibn Ali by appointing his son Yazid as ruler and the belief that he was responsible for the deaths of various companions, Mu'awiyah has been hated and reviled by generations of Shi'a.; Mu'awiyah greatly beautified Damascus and developed a court to rival that of Constantinople. He expanded the frontiers of the empire, reaching the very gates of Constantinople at one point, though failing to hold any territory in Anatolia. Sunni Muslims credit him with saving the fledgling Muslim nation from post civil war anarchy.
One of Muawiyah's most controversial and enduring legacies was his decision to designate his son Yazid as his successor, thereby creating a dynasty. According to Shi'a doctrine, this was a clear violation of the treaty he made with Hasan ibn Ali, in which he said he would not make his son his successor.

he first Islamic dynasty (661–750). Their reign witnessed the return to leadership roles of the pre-Islamic Arab elite, and the rejuvenation of tribal loyalties. The Banu Ummaya constituted the higher stratum of the pre-Islamic Meccan elite. Having entered into an agreement with Muhammad in 630, they succeeded in preserving their economic influence, and gradually reintegrated into the political power structure. The assassination of Uthman, the third caliph, and a member of the Ummaya, presented the dynamic Ummayad figure of Muawiya the opportunity to challenge the otherwise troubled rulership of Ali. With the death of Ali, Muawiya succeeded in establishing himself as the caliph, making Damascus the capital of the Islamic empire. His efforts concentrated on strengthening his rule by entering into a truce with the Byzantines, renewing tribal alliances and securing the succession of his son Yazid. With the death of Muawiya in 680, Yazid faced the opposition of Husayn, the son of Ali. The resistance and subsequent martyrdom of Husayn at Karbala in a battle where the Ummayad forces outnumbered him and his partisans is the focus of the central yearly Shiite observance of Ashura. Yazid also faced further resistance in the Hijaz (today Saudi Arabia), led by Abdallah ibn az-Zubayr. With his death, the caliphate was transfered to the Marwanid branch of the Banu Ummaya. Abd al-Malik Abd al-Malik (äb'dl-mälĭk`), c.
..... Click the link for more information. succeeded in consolidating Ummayad rule, and proceeded with a series of administrative reforms including the conversion of the bureaucracy from Greek to Arabic, and the minting of new currency. This consolidation set the stage for the renewal of territorial expansion in Asia and Africa under Walid I (705–15), and the increased military pressure against Byzantium under Sulayman (715–17). Sulayman's successor, Umar II (717–20) unsuccessfully attempted to reverse the course of tribal-based politics in an effort to restore the Islamic political ideal of transcending partisanships. His successors, Yazid II (720–24), Hisham (724–43), and Walid (743–44) pursued the tribal-based territorial conquests. The expansion of the Islamic empire led to the emergence of a substantial class of non-tribal Muslims (mawali), who became the base from which anti-Ummayad movements drew their supporters. The most notable of these movements was the Abbasid, which eventually succeeded in toppling the last Ummayad caliph, Marwan II, in 750. A branch of the Ummayad family, led by Abd ar-Rahman ad-Dakhil, was able to reach Cordoba and to reestablish Umayyad rule (780–1031) in Muslim Spain.

Call, summoning; used for the missionary activity of the Isma'ili and other early religiopolitical movements.; In Islamic theology, the purpose of Da‘wah is to invite people, both Muslims and non-Muslims, to understand the worship of God as expressed in the Qur'ān, as well as to inform them about Muhammad.[1] As directed to non-Muslims, it consists of explaining Islam through acts, discussions and dialogue.

term used to refer to important religious leaders

a city of central Iraq to the south of Baghdad; a holy city for Shiite Muslims because it is the site of the tomb of Mohammed's grandson who was killed there in 680

Islamic mysticism. A sufi is a Muslim mystic and usually a member of a religious order.