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60 Cards in this Set

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What are 3 functions of CTLs
Active against fungi, viruses (intracellular), protozoa
Active against cancer tumors
Graft rejection
What is the difference btwn colonization and infection
Infection = invading another organism
Colonization = invading and living in the host
What immune cells target parasites
Eosinophils → oxidative burst
What are the three amigos, and their roles
IL 1, IL 6, TNF alpha: increase vascular permeability →redness, heat, swelling
What are virus related functions of NK cells
ADCC (antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity)
Release granules into infected cells
Respond to IL 12 and release IFN gamma →mphages
What are the 3 components of the C’ system
-3a,4a,5a →inflammation, chemotaxis, permeability (3a and 5a also for mast cell degranulation)
-3b→ MAC
-4b, 5b →opsonization for phagocytosis
describe the cell wall of gram positive bacteria
-thick PG with teichoic acid/ lipoteichoic acid
-plasma membrane
describe the cell wall of gram negative bacteria
-thin PG in a periplasmic space
-plasma membrane and outer membrane with LPS
-outer membrane contains porin channels
describe the cell wall of acid fast bacilli
-thin PG, inner membrane
-outer layer of mycolic acid (therefore need acid fast stain)→ large fatty acid

THIN PG layer = can't gram stain purple
Describe the cell wall of mycoplasma spp
-only has plasma membrane
Describe the gram stain
Heat→violet stain→gram positive turn purple→ethanol to dissolve outer membrane of gram negative →counterstain (safranin) →gram negative turn pink
Describe the process of fever
Bacteria →exogenous pyrogens→bind to macrophage, monocyte, lympohocyte→endogenous pyrogen (IL1, TNF alpha)→OVLT→PGE2 release →increased cold firing neurons, decreased warm firing neurons→body thinks it’s cold→heat generation and conservation
What is normal body temp? What temp constitutes fever?
Normal 36.8, fever >37.3
What is the difference between bacteremia and sepsis
Bacteremia= bacteria in blood
SIRS= inflammatory response to bacteria in blood
→temp >38, hr>90, rr>20, PaCO2 <32, WBC high or >10% immature
Bacteremia + SIRS = Sepsis
Septic Shock = Sepsis with hypotension or hypoperfusion of tissues (BP low)
What are symptoms of typical/aspirational pneumonia
Cough, dyspnea
Fever
Sputum
Increased WBC
What are causes of atypical pneumonias
Legionella
Mycoplasma
Chlymadia
Viruses
What are symptoms of atypical pneumonia
“not as sick”
no fever
dry cough
decreased WBC
How do you treat atypical pneumonias
NO penicillins (mycoplasma, Chlamydia, viruses have no cell wall, legionella have beta lactamases)
What are HIV associated pneumonias
P carinii
M Tb
What are common elderly pneumonias
S. Pneumo
H. influenza
Gram – rods (legionella, hemophilus, klebsiella, pertussis, pseudomonas)
What are common neonatal pneumonias
Strep B
E coli
What are common adult pneumonias
S pneumo * most common community acquired pneumonia
H influenza
Legionella
What are common community acquired pneumonias
--bacterial
S. pneumo
S. aureus
H. influenza
M. pneumo
M. tb
What are common community acquired pneumonias
-viruses
Influenza
RSV
What are common community acquired pneumonias
-fungal
Blastomyces
Histoplasma
Coccidiodes
Which bacteria toxins cause increased CAMP?
V cholera—cholera toxin
ETEC- LT, ST toxin (labile and stabile)
Campylobacter- AB5
B pertussis- pertussis toxin
C dif- Toxin A
Which bacteria toxins inhibit protein synthesis?
C diphtheria- diphtheria toxin
P aeringurosa- exotoxin A
S dysenteriae- shiga toxin
EHEC- shiga like toxin
C dif- pseudomembrane
Which bacterial toxins block neurotransmitter release?
C tetani- tetanospasmin (contractures, decreased inhibitory cytokines)
C botulinum- botulinum toxin (decreased ACH, paralysis)
Which bacterial toxins are released by S aureus and Strep A
Both:TSST- toxic shock

S. aureus: exfoliatin- scalded skin
S. aureus: enterotoxin- food poisoning
Which bacteria are resistant to penicillins
Staph Aureus (+ some MRSA, use vancomycin)
Strep D (nosocomial, PBP)
Staph epidermidis (nosocomial)
Clost. Diff (nosocomial)
Which GI bacteria do NOT receive antibiotics
ETEC, EHEC (NEVER)
Campylobacter (usually not)
Salmonella (usually not)
Compare and contrast the transmission of EHEC and ETEC
EHEC is through ruminant/cow meat- hamburger meat
ETEC is through fecally contaminated food, water, fruit (anything)
Which bacteria can cause HUS
EHEC and Shigella (have similar toxins, SLT/VT and ST therefore cause similar diseases)
Name at least 1 intracellular GI bacteria + survival mechanism
Shigella (obligate)
Salmonella (facultative intracellular, avoid lysosomal fusion)
Name at least 1 extracellular (obligate) GI bacteria
ETEC, EHEC
What bacteria are commonly associated with nosocomial UTI invasion
Klebsiella pneumo
Group D strep (enterococcus)
Staph epidermidis
How does yersinia pestis avoid the immune system
intracellular killing resistance
Describe pseudomonas aeringurosa
*opportunistic, very severe infection, immunocompromised state/ breach of host defences
-diabetic foot ulcers, IVDU → (osteomyelitis)
-CF pneumonia
-burn wound infections
-UTIs from catheters
-endocarditis
Describe cholera transmission, prevention and treatment.
Water, shellfish, food contaminated with bad water. Antibiotics can shorten duration but not symptoms. Cholera vaccine can prevent infection via antibodies
what general class of bacteria does cipro work on
gram negative
what do all streptococci have in common?
capsule
strep A is also known as... has... toxin and causes...
strep pyogenes
erythrogenic exotoxin
scarlet fever, toxic shock, rheumatic fever, post strep GN
How do you treat strep A
always, to prevent sequellae
all streps have what in common
capsule
what does pneumovax protect against
strep pneumo (Asplenia, IC patients)
what are the 3 toxins released from staph aureus
TSST, exfoliatin, enterotoxin (2 hours post food)
why is staph aureus able to disseminate systemically
due to hemolysin proteins (clot buster)
what are complications of diphtheria and how are they caused
AV conduction block
neural problems

toxins are released from pseudomembrane in throat: perfect access up to brain and down to heart
what 2 bugs cause pseudomembrane
c diff
corynebacterium diphtheria

CD
name 2 gram positive rods (aerobic and anaerobic)
aerobic: corynebacterium diphtheria, lysteria

anaerobic: clostritdium, lacto
3rd generation cephalosporins have (higher/lower) effect on gram negatives and are (more/less) general than first generation
higher gram negative
more general than 1st gen
How do you treat n. gon
3rd cephalosporin
+ doxy for chlamydia and syphillis
DIC is associated with __ (rash) and ___ (complication)
DIC
non blanchable petechiae
What is the rationale behind the cholera vaccine?
antibodies can be protective against cholera toxin. Traveller's vaccine
what type of environment does pseudomonas like?
moist --> wounds, CF, foot ulcers
vets drive pontiacs and spend a lot of time indoors
legionella, pontiac fever, atypical pneumonia, intracellular
what are the 4 stages of syph
primary
secondary --> bacteremia
latent (non infectious, except pregnancy)
tertiary (neural)--> few patients (neural. meingitis, psychiatric, brain problems)

teritary (gummatous)-->lesions in bone and skin

tertiary (CV) -->aortic aneurysm
fitz hughes curtis and reiters syndrom are associated with
chlamydia
how can babies get chlamydia
through infection in birth canal, NOT congenital
what causes valley fever
coccidiodes