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233 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
There is a separate ____ supplies to each segment (arterial, venous, and
lymphatic drainage). This is according to segmental anatomy. |
blood
|
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The longitudinal boundaries of the 4 hepatic segments are the __________. This is according to segmental anatomy.
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hepatic veins
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In segmental anatomy, the horizontal or transverse boundaries are the RIGHT and LEFT ______.
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portal veins
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What are the nine liver segments?
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1. Left Medial Inferior
2. Left Superior Lateral 3. Left Inferior Lateral 4. Left Superior Medial (quadrate) 5. Right Inferior Anterior 6. Right Inferior Posterior 7. Right Superior Posterior 8. Right Superior Anterior 9. Caudate |
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Study of disease
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Pathology
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What does CT stand for?
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Computed tomography
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What does MRI stand for?
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Magnetic resonance imaging
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Organization of Cell: Organism -> Organ ______ -> ______ -> ________ -> _______
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System, organs, tissues, cells
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Mass of protoplasm surrounded by cell membrane
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Cytoplasm
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What are the 6 structures of the cytoplasm?
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Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Centrioles, Cytoskeleton
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Converts food materials into energy
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Mitochondria
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What are the two types of Endoplasmic reticulum?
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Rough and Smooth ER
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Group of membrane-like sacs located near the nucleus
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Golgi apparatus
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Network of tubular channels enclosed by membrane
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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Cytoplasmic vacuole filled with digestive enzymes
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Lysosomes
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Move to opposite poles during cell division and form mitotic spindle
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Centrioles
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Form structural framework of cell; Responsible for cell movements
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Cytoskeleton
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Group of similar cells which perform specific functions
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Tissues
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Four major types of tissues
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Epithelium,
Connective and supporting tissues, Muscle tissue, Nerve tissue |
|
This type of tissue covers exterior of the body and lines interior body surfaces. Also forms exocrine and endocrine glands.
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Epithelium
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Three functions of the epithelium tissues
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Protection, Absorption, and Secretion
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Five types of epithelium tissues
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Endothelium, Mesothelium,
Simple epithelium (Simple squamous, Simple Columnar, Pseudostratified Columnar), Stratified, and Transitional |
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Three types of muscle tissue
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Smooth muscle - On walls of hollow internal organs and blood vessels; Striated muscle - Moves the skeleton,
Cardiac muscle - Found only in the heart |
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Two types of nerve cells
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Neurons - Nerve cells
Neuroglia - Supporting cells (Astrocytes, Oligodendroglia Microglia) |
|
Group of functional and supporting tissues integrated to perform a specific function
(Functional cells – parenchyma Supporting cells – stroma ) |
Organs
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Group of organs performing complementary functions
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Organ Systems
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Structure of the body evolves from the fertilized
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ovum
|
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Fertilized ovum cells differentiate into two groups
(Trophoblast) |
Placenta and
Structures that support and nourish embryo |
|
These germ layers include External coverings, Nervous system, Eyes, Ears
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Ectoderm
|
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These germ layers include Supporting tissue, Muscle,
Circulatory system, Urogenital system |
Mesoderm
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These germ layers include Lining of body, Associated organs
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Endoderm
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In the Genetic Code,
Nucleus directs activities of cytoplasm by means of _________. Attaches to ribosomes, directs protein synthesis |
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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In the genetic code, _______ brings amino acids to ribosomes for assembly.
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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Movement of dissolved particles (solute) from more concentrated to more dilute solution
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Diffusion
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Movement of water molecules from dilute solution to more concentrated solution
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Osmosis
|
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Transport of across the cell membrane from low concentration to higher concentration
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Active transport
|
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Ingestion of particles too large to pass across the cell membrane
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Phagocytosis
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Ingestion of fluid
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Pinocytosis
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Reduction in size of cells
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Atrophy
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Increase in cell size
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Hypertrophy
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Proliferation of cells
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Hyperplasia
|
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Adaptive change from one type of adult cell to another type
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Metaplasia
|
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Cells develop and mature abnormally
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Dysplasia
|
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Occurs when an injured cell is unable to transport sodium out of cell
|
Cell swelling
|
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Programmed cell death
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Apoptosis
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T/F: Cells and organisms have predetermined life span
|
True
|
|
4 causes of congenital malformations
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Chromosomal abnormalities,
Abnormalities of individual genes, Intrauterine injury to embryo/fetus, Environmental factors |
|
Failure of homologous chromosomes in germ cells to separate
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nondisjunction
|
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Absence of chromosome
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Monosomy
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Extra chromosome
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Trisomy
|
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During meiosis loss of part of chromosome
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Deletions
|
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During meiosis part of chromosome attaches to another chromosome
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Translocations
|
|
Name 4 Sex chromosome abnormalities
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Turner's syndrome, Triple X syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, XYY syndrome
|
|
3 characteristics of Turner's syndrome
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Genotype – XO
Incidence – 1:2500 females Fertility – sterile |
|
3 characteristics of Triple X syndrome
|
Genotype - XXX
Incidence – 1:850 females Fertility – usually not impaired |
|
3 characteristics of Klinefelter’s syndrome
|
Genotype – XXY
Incidence – 1:750 males Fertility – usually sterile |
|
3 characteristics of XYY syndrome
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Genotype – XYY
Incidence – 1:850 males Fertility – usually not impaired |
|
Characteristics of Fragile X syndrome
|
X chromosome abnormality of chromosome near its tip; Major cause of mental deficiency; Abnormally high number of CGG sequences in DNA chains; becomes more pronounced as passed down from parent to offspring;
Women pass it to daughters and sons; Men pass it to daughters |
|
Characteristics of Down syndrome
|
Nondisjunction during oogenesis (95% of cases, Increases in frequency with advancing maternal age – 1:50 if mother is over 40), Extra chromosome 21 acquired as part of translocation chromosome;
Nondisjunction occurring in zygote |
|
Most common chromosomal abnormality
|
Down syndrome
|
|
3 manifestations of Down's syndrome
|
Mental deficiency, Cardiac malformation, Major defects in other organ systems
|
|
Characteristics of trisomy of chromosome 13
|
Cleft lip and palate, Abnormal development of skull and brain,
Abnormal eye development, Congenital heart defects, Polydactyly |
|
Both of these trisomy chromosomes are usually fatal in neonatal period or early infancy
|
Chromosome 13 and 18
|
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Genetically Determined Diseases Result of abnormalities of individual _____ on the chromosome and _____ mutation involving structural _______ or enzyme
|
genes, gene, protein
|
|
Down syndrome is caused by trisomy of chromosome ___
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21
|
|
In an autosomal dominant inheritance, the gene is expressed in heterozygous state. Also, if either parent carries abnormal dominant gene – there is a 1:___ chance offspring will receive abnormal gene
|
2
|
|
Dwarfism
|
Achondroplasia
|
|
3 examples of Autosomal dominant inheritance
|
Achondroplasia (dwarfism),
Congenital polycystic kidney disease, Multiple neurofibromatosis |
|
3 characteristics of Autosomal recessive inheritance
|
Gene expressed in homozygous individual,
Both parents must carry abnormal gene to transmit – 1:4 chance infant is homozygous for defective gene (Phenylketonuria, Tay-Sachs disease, Hemochromatosis Cystic Fibrous), If only one parent transmits recessive gene infant will be carrier of abnormal gene but will be normal |
|
Fetal organ formation occurs in the first ___ to ___ weeks.
|
3,8
|
|
Major 3 ways in which intrauterine injury occurs
|
harmful drugs and chemicals, radiation, and maternal infections
|
|
3 major maternal infections (intrauterine)
|
Rubella (German measles), Cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma gondi (parasite)
|
|
3 characteristics of Rubella
|
Earlier in pregnancy the greater the hazard,
Spontaneous abortion, Congenital malformations (cataracts, cardiac mal, deafness & neurological disturbances) |
|
3 characteristics of Cytomegalovirus
|
New infection greatest risk,
Microcephaly, mental retardation & blindness, Fetus may be infected during delivery or via breast feeding |
|
3 characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii
|
Greatest risk if infected during pregnancy, Uncooked meat or contact /c cats, Microcephaly, or hydrocephaly & possible blindness
|
|
________ Inheritance is the
combined effect of multiple genes interacting with environmental agents |
Multifactorial
|
|
What are six characteristics of multifactorial inheritance?
|
Cleft lip and palate, Congenital cardiac malformations, Clubfoot, Congenital dislocation of the hip, Anencephaly, Spina bifida
|
|
2 Characteristics of Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Abnormalities
|
Examination of fetal cells
(Chromosomal abnormalities - karyotype, Biochemical abnormalities – Alpha fetoprotein, Analysis of DNA) and Examination of amnionic fluid |
|
5 characteristics of prenatal diagnosis of congenital abnormalities that can be seen on ultrasound
|
Major structural abnormalities of nervous system
(Anencephaly, Spina bifida), Hydrocephalus, Obstruction of urinary tract, Failure of kidneys to develop,Failure of limbs to form normally |
|
Two ways to analyze DNA obtained from fetal cells
|
Amniocentesis and Chorionic villi sampling
|
|
5 ways body attempts to decrease inflammation
|
Dilation of blood vessels,
Increased capillary permeability, Attraction of leukocytes to site of injury, Migration of leukocytes through vessel walls to site of inflammation, Extravasation of fluids (exudate) |
|
3 clinical manifestations of the inflammatory reaction
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Heat and redness - dilated blood vessels, Swelling – accumulation of fluid and exudate, Tenderness and pain – irritation of nerve endings
|
|
4 Types of inflammation reactions
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Serous – fluid exudate,
Purulent – inflammatory cells, Fibrinous – exudate rich in protein which coagulates, Hemorrhage – capillaries rupture allowing escape of blood |
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Five Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
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Heat
Redness Swelling Tenderness Pain |
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3 Systemic effects with severe inflammatory process
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Feeling ill, Elevated temperature, Accelerated bone marrow production of leukocytes
|
|
4 outcomes of inflammation
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Resolution – inflammation subsides, tissues return to normal, Repair – replacement of damaged cells and tissues,
Large areas of destruction replaced by scar tissue, Mediators intensify inflammatory process and generate more mediators |
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2 Chemical Mediators of Inflammation (Formed when tissues are damaged)
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Cell-derived mediators,
Mediators from proteins in blood plasma |
|
5 cell-derived mediators of inflammation
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Mast cells discharge granules containing mediators which intensify the inflammatory process, Histamine, Serotonin,
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes |
|
2 characteristics of Mediators from proteins in blood plasma
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Kinins form from blood proteins leaking into inflamed area, Activation of complement generates mediators
|
|
2 roles of lysosomal enzymes
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Released from leukocytes and cause tissue destruction,
Tissue injury generates more mediators which promote further inflammation and injury |
|
2 antigen-antibody interaction characteristics
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Activates complement (Forms mediators, Attracts leukocytes), Lysosomal enzymes from leukocytes cause tissue injury
|
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3 Characteristics of the harmful effects of the inflammatory reaction
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Inflammation usually subsides,
Persisting inflammation may cause severe tissue injury, Sometimes suppress inflammatory reaction with adrenocorticosteroid hormones to reduce tissue damage |
|
__________ is an inflammatory process caused by disease-producing organisms
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Infection
|
|
4 terms concerning infection
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–itis, Abscess (Tissue breakdown, Formation of localized mass of pus),
Lymphangitis / lymphadenitis Septicemia |
|
3 Factors influencing the outcome of an infection
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Virulence of organism
Numbers of invading organism (dosage) Resistance of host’s body |
|
2 characteristics of chronic infection
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Relatively quiet, smoldering inflammation associated with repeated attempts at healing on the part of the host;
Lymphocytes, plasma cells, and monocytes predominant cells in chronic inflammatory process |
|
2 general types of immunity
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natural and artificial
|
|
2 types of natural immunity
|
Active – Pathogen enters body & causes disease. Host forms antibodies; Passive – Antibody passed from mother to child. Placental passage during pregnancy or breast milk
|
|
2 types of artificial immunity
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Active – Vaccine injected in person and antibodies formed
Passive – Antibodies injected in person provides temporary protection |
|
2 types of acquired immunity
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Humeral immunity – “B cells”
Cell-mediated immunity – “T cells” |
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3 Roles of lymphocytes in acquired immunity
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Specific populations of lymphocytes perform specific functions; Respond to foreign antigens and macrophages;
Cells of immune system screte cytokines to communicate & produce their effect |
|
2 characteristics of development of lymphatic system
|
Development of immune competence
[Thymus (T lymphocytes) Bone marrow (B lymphocytes)], Migration and circulation of lymphocytes - Migrate into spleen and lymph nodes, Continually recirculate between bloodstream and lymph tissues (T lymphocytes – 66%, B lymphocytes, NK cells – 10-15%) |
|
_____ lymphocytes respond to intact antigen and proliferate with T cell help
|
B
|
|
___ lymphocytes require macrophage-processed antigen in order to respond
|
T
|
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Types of responding T cells
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Helper T cells – promote immune response, Suppressor T cells – suppress immune response
Cytotoxic T cells – attack & destroy abnormal cells, Delayed hypersensitivity cells – attract & active, Memory cells - respond to antigen if encountered again |
|
______ are composed of two light and two heavy chains
|
Antibodies
|
|
5 types of antibodies
|
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) – ABO incompatibility,
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) - Passive immunity, Immunoglobulin A (IgA) - Tears & saliva, Immunoglobulin D (IgD) – Surface of lymphocytes (B) cells, Immunoglobulin E (IgE) - in allergic response |
|
In _______ reactions, cell-tissue injury results from immune response
|
Hypersensitivity
|
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4 methods of suppression of the immune response
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Radiation – destroys lymphocytes,
Immunosuppressive drugs – suppress growth of lymphocytes, Adrenal corticosteroid hormones (Suppress inflammatory reaction, Impair phagocytosis, Inhibit protein synthesis), Gamma globulin preparations containing potent antibodies prevent body from responding to corresponding antigen |
|
3 Issues involving tissue grafts and immunity
|
Graft contains foreign antigens,
Lymphocytes attempt to eliminate, Immune response must be suppressed to prevent rejection of transplant |
|
________ disease involve Alteration of own antigens,
Formation of cross-reacting antibodies against foreign antigens that also attack the patient’s own antigens, Defective regulation of immune response by regulator T lymphocytes |
Autoimmune
|
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2 forms of treatment for auto-immune disease
|
Corticosteroids and
Cytotoxic drugs |
|
This autoimmune disease Affects young women is
Associated with anti-nucleoprotein antibodies, and Results in a Positive LE test indicates autoantibody damage to leukocyte nuclei |
Lupus Erythematosus
|
|
6 types of harmful microorganisms
|
Bacteria
Chlamydiae Rickettsiae Mycoplasmas Viruses Fungi |
|
3 shapes of bacteria
|
Coccus - spherical
(Staphylococci – clusters Diplococci – pairs Streptococci – chains), Bacillus – rod shaped, Spiral |
|
5 symptoms of Staphylococci
bacteria |
Boils
Skin infections Postoperative wound infections Toxic shock syndrome Pulmonary infections |
|
3 characteristics of Streptococci
|
Alpha – normal residents of respiratory tract,
Beta - group A (Strep throat, Scarlet fever, Skin infections, Uterine infections, Necrotizing faciitis), Gamma – limited pathogenicity |
|
bacterial pneumonia
|
Pneumococci
|
|
Examples of Gram-negative cocci
|
Meningococci cause meningitis, Gonococci cause gonorrhea
|
|
Examples of Gram-positive bacilli
|
Aerobic – diphtheria bacillus (Corynebacteria),
Anaerobic – clostridia (Perfringens, Tetanus, Botulitum) |
|
6 gram-neg bacteria systemic infections
|
Hemophilus influenza
Bordetella pertusis Francisella tularemia Yersinia pestis Brucella abortus (brucellosis) Legionella |
|
6 gram-negative bacteria intestinal infections
|
Salmonella
Shigella Campylobacter Helicobacter Vibrio cholera Escherichia coli |
|
2 bacterial spiral organisms
|
Syphilis – Treponema pallidum
Lyme disease – Borrelia burgdorferi |
|
3 bacterial acid-fast organisms (Mycobacteria)
|
Tubercle bacillus
Leprosy bacillus Avium intracellulare |
|
4 Antibiotic treatments for bacterial infections
|
Inhibition of cell-wall synthesis
(Penicillin and Several other antibiotics), Inhibition of cell-membrane function, Inhibition of metabolic functions, Competitive inhibition |
|
4 adverse effects of antibiotics
|
Toxicity, Hypersensitivity
Alteration of normal bacterial flora, Development of resistant strains of bacteria (Bacteria initially sensitive to antibiotics become resistant, May complicate treatment) |
|
3 characteristics of Chlamydiae
|
Gram-negative bacteria,
Parasites inside the cell due to deficiency in enzymes, Form inclusion bodies in infected cells |
|
5 Chlamydial diseases
|
Nongonococcal urethritis
Inflammation of uterine cervix Inclusion conjunctivitis Pulmonary infections Lymphogranuloma venereum |
|
3 characteristics of Rickettsiae
|
Intracellular parasite, Parasite of insects transmitted to humans by insect bites,
Multiply in endothelial cells of blood vessels |
|
2 diseases of Rickettsiae
|
Typhus
Rocky mountain spotted fever |
|
These lack cell walls and cause primary atypical pneumonia
|
Mycoplasmas
|
|
5 characteristics of virus structure
|
DNA or RNA;
Genome enclosed in capsid; Size and complexity of genome varies with virus; Lack metabolic enzymes; Rely on metabolic processes of host for survival |
|
3 bodily defenses against viral infections
|
Formation of interferon –“broad-spectrum” antiviral agent
Cell mediated immunity Humoral defenses |
|
3 treatments of viruses with antiviral agents
|
Block viral multiplication
Prevent virus from invading cell Limited application (Toxicity, Limited effectiveness) |
|
Fungi includes _____ and ____
|
yeasts, molds
|
|
4 types of fungal infection
|
Superficial fungal infections (Dermatophytes) [Athlete’s foot – Tinea pedis, Jock itch – tinea cruris, Scalp (ringworm) –Tinea capitis, Body (ringworm) – Tinea corporis];
Mucous membranes – candida; Highly pathogenic fungi [Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis]; Others [Blastomycosis, Cryptococcus] |
|
Characteristics of Communicable Diseasesand Methods of Transmission
|
Endemic - small number of cases continually present in the pop; Epidemic - Rel large numbers of people infected;
Direct transmission - Physical contact and droplet spread (coughing, sneezing); Indirect transmission - Contaminated food or water, insects |
|
What 2 diseases have been eliminated due to widespread immunization?
|
smallpox, polio
|
|
The four major STDs
|
Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) Herpes (Herpesvirus) Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) |
|
3 Clinical manifestations of Syphilis
|
Chancre (Primary); Systemic infection with skin rash and enlarged lymph nodes (Secondary); Late destructive lesions in internal organs (Tertiary)
|
|
2 diagnostic tests for Syphilis
|
Demonstration of treponemas in chancre and Serologic tests (antigen-antibody reactions in a test tube)
|
|
Treatment for Syphilis
|
Antibiotics
|
|
Major complication of Syphilis
|
Damage to cardiovascular and nervous system in tertiary syphilis, which may be fatal
|
|
Clinical manifestations of Gonorrhea
|
Urethritis (inflammation of passage through which urine is dicharged from bladder);
Cervicitis (inflammation of cervix); Pharyngitis (inflammation of pharynx); Infection of rectal mucosa (proctitis) |
|
What is the test for diagnosis of Gonorrhea?
|
Culture of organisms from sites of infection
|
|
Treatment for Gonorrhea
|
Antibiotics
|
|
3 Major complications of Gonorrhea
|
Disseminated blood-stream infection; Tubal infection with impaired fertility; Spread of infection to prostate and epididymides (structures adjacent to testes, that provides storage, transit and maturation for spermatozoa)
|
|
2 Major clinical complications of Herpes
|
Superficial vesicles and ulcers on external genitalia and in genital tract; Regional lymph nodes often enlarged, tender
|
|
3 tests for diagnosis of Herpes
|
Demonstration of intranuclear inclusions in infected cells;
Virus cultures; Serologic tests in some cases |
|
Treatment of Herpes
|
Antiviral drug shortens infection but not curative
|
|
Major complication of Herpes
|
Spread from infected mother to infant
|
|
2 Clinical manifestations of Chlamydia
|
Cervitis
Urethritis |
|
3 tests for diagnosis of Chlamydia
|
Detection of chlamydial antigens in cervical/urethral secretions; Fluorescence microscopy; Cultures
|
|
Treatment of Chlamydia
|
Antibiotics
|
|
2 Major complications of Chlamydia
|
Tubal infection with impaired fertility
Epididymitis |
|
5 less serious STDs
|
Anal and genital warts (condylomas); Vaginitis (caused by Gardenella);
Triconomal vaginitis (caused by Trichonomas vaginalis); Scabies and crabs; Some intestinal infections |
|
This disease destroys T lymphocytes, making the person susceptible to unusual infections and malignant tumors
|
AIDS
|
|
_____ is an RNA virus that belongs to a class of viruses called retroviruses
|
HIV
|
|
Two viruses that cause AIDS
|
HIV-1: responsible for AIDS in most parts of the world
HIV-2: responsible for AIDS mostly in Africa |
|
First cases of _____ were identified in 1981 by CDC (Center for Disease Control) in a small group of homosexual men with an unusual opportunistic lung infection
|
AIDS
|
|
HIV requires a _____ cell to reproduce
|
host
|
|
Because HIV is a _______, it carries the genetic material in ribonucleic acid (RNA), rather than in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
|
retrovirus
|
|
During ______, this genetic material in the RNA must be converted into DNA
|
replication
|
|
3 AIDS Opportunistic Infections
|
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare; Parasitic infections (Toxoplasmosis,
Cryptosporidiosis) |
|
3 Malignant Tumors in AIDS Patients
|
Kaposi’s sarcoma, Malignant tumors of B lymphocytes,
Cancers of oral cavity and rectum |
|
In response to HIV, antibodies are formed with ___ to ___ months. Detection of antibodies provide evidence of HIV infection
|
1,6
|
|
T/F Antibodies eradicate the HIV virus
|
False
|
|
T/F HIV is detectable only by laboratory tests
|
True
|
|
After a high- risk exposure and inoculation, the HIV infected person usually experiences a __________-like syndrome, which may be attributed to flu or another virus
|
mononucleosis
|
|
In this early stage, the only sign of HIV infection is laboratory evidence of _______.
|
sero-conversion
|
|
Nonspecific symptoms of this disease includes weight loss, fatigue, night sweats and fevers related to altered function of CD4+ cells.
|
HIV
|
|
3 means of HIV Transmission.
|
Sexual contact
Blood and body fluids Mother to infant |
|
Primary therapy of AIDS includes the use of various combinations of three different types of _________ agents.
|
antiretroviral
|
|
HIV/AIDS treatment includes __________ inhibitors to block the action of viral protease required for an important phase of viral replication (reducing the number of new virus particles produced)
|
protease
|
|
Communicable diseases are transfered either through direct (_______ contact and _______ spread) and indrect (_______ food or water, _____, and ________) transmission.
|
physical, droplet, contaminated, insects, and animals
|
|
Treponema palladium
|
Syphilis
|
|
3 stages of Syphilis
|
Primary, secondary, and tertiary
|
|
Characteristics of Primary syphilis
|
Chancre at site of inoculation
Treponemas widely disseminated throughout body |
|
Characteristics of Secondary syphilis
|
Begins several months after chancre heals
Systemic infection - Fever - Skin rash - Enlarged lymph nodes Subsides without treatment Extremely infectious |
|
Characteristics of tertiary syphilis
|
Late manifestation
- Damage to cardiovascular system - Damage to nervous system Disease not communicable at this point |
|
Treatment of Syphilis
|
Penicillin and other antibiotics
|
|
Characteristics of Congenital syphilis
|
Acquired by newborn infant of infected mother
May cause fetal death Mother must be treated early in pregnancy to prevent fetal infection Organism can’t cross placenta until after 4th month |
|
Neisseria gonorrhea
|
Gonorrhea
|
|
Symptoms of Gonorrhea
|
Elevated temperature
Joint pain Multiple small skin abscesses Heart valves & meninges Diagnosis Culture from site of infection Culture from bloodstream if disseminated |
|
Treatment for Gonorrhea
|
Penicillin & others
Some strains completely resistant to penicillin |
|
How many types of Herpes are there?
|
2 (Type 1 and Type 2)
|
|
Type 1 Herpes Infects oral mucous membrane; Most individuals infected in ______.
|
childhood
|
|
Type 2
Infects genital tract Usually occur after _______. |
puberty
|
|
Treatment of Herpes includes the antiviral drug ________. It shortens frequency & severity of reoccurance (not curative).
|
Acyclovir
|
|
Characteristics of herpes infection and pregnancy
|
Spread to infant during delivery
Deliver by C-section if active infection Intrauterine infection may cause death, or congenital malformations |
|
Most common sexually transmitted disease
|
Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis)
|
|
3 manifestations of Chlamydia
|
Manifestations
Cervicitis Spreads to fallopian tubes Causes scarring and impaired fertility Urethritis Asymtomatic |
|
3 means of diagnosing Chlamydia
|
Detection of chlamydial antigens in cervical/urethral secretions
Fluorescence microscopy Cultures |
|
What is the treatment for Chlamydia?
|
Antibiotics – tetracycline & erythromycin (inhibit protein synthesis)
|
|
Process of HIV
|
RNA virus invades Helper T lymphocytes and monocytes
Virus makes DNA copy of its RNA DNA copy inserted into DNA of cell & directs production of virus Virus buds from cell and infects other helper T lymphocytes Virus particles appear in blood and body fluids |
|
Antibody response to HIV virus
|
Formed within one to six months
Evidence of infection Do not eradicate virus |
|
Late manifestations of AIDS
|
Generalized lymph node enlargement
Non-specific symptoms Fever Weakness Chronic fatigue Weight loss Thrombocytopenia |
|
Symptoms of HIV and AIDS
|
Fever
Cough Shortness of breath Weight loss Enlarged lymphnodes |
|
Complications of AIDS
|
Opportunistic infections:
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Parasitic infections Toxoplasmosis Cryptosporidiosis Widespread infections by organisms usually controlled by immune competent persons |
|
Malignant tumors associated with AIDS
|
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Malignant tumors of B lymphocytes Cancers of oral cavity and rectum |
|
Characteristics of mother to infant transmission of AIDS
|
Infected maternal blood and/or cervicovaginal secretions
Infection can occur During pregnancy, labor, or delivery Through breast feeding AZT – (Zidovudine)administered to pregnant woman reduces risk of infection |
|
Causes of Congenital Malformations
|
Chromosomal abnormalities
Abnormalities of individual genes Intrauterine injury to embryo or fetus Environmental factors |
|
Absence of chromosome
|
Monosomy
|
|
An overgrowth of cells that serve no useful purpose
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Tumors
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Adeno
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Gland
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Angio
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Vessels
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Chondro
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Cartilage
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Fibro
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Fibrous
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Hemangio
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blood vessel
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Lymphangio
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lymph vessel
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Lipo
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fat
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Myo
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muscle
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Neuro
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nerve
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Osteo
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bone
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General term for malignant
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cancer
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3 types of epithelium carcinoma
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Surface epithelium
Glandular epithelium Parenchymal epithelium |
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Solid tumor arising from primary tissues other than epithelium
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Sarcoma
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neoplasm of blood forming tissues
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Leukemia
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Growth rate of benign tumor
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slow
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Growth rate of malignant tumor
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fast
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Character of growth of benign tumor
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expansion
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Character of growth of malignant tumor
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infiltration
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Tumor spread of benign tumor
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remains localized
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Tumor spread of malignant tumors
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Metastasis by bloodstream or lymphatics
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Cell differentiation of benign tumors
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Well differentiated
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Cell differentiation of malignant tumors
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Poorly differentiated
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These two lymphoid tumors are malignant and are considered lymphomas
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Hodgkin’s
Non-Hodgkin’s |
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Two skin tumors
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Melanocytes
Keratinocytes |
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This skin tumor is benign (nevus) or malignant (melanoma)
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Melanocytes
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This skin tumor is benign (keratoses) or malignant (Basal cell carcinoma and Squamous cell carcinoma)
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Keratinocytes
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Tumors of mixed components (teratomas)
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Derived from cells that have potential of differentiating
Often consist of poorly organized mixtures of many tissues Frequently occur in reproductive tract Must specify benign or malignant |
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Necrosis
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Pathogenesis
Malignant tumor outgrows blood supply Occurs in parts of tumor with poorest blood supply Deeply placed tumor – center Tumors growing from epithelial surface – surface |
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Characteristics of Noninfiltration (in Situ) Carcinoma
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Remains localized for many years
Occur in many locations Cervix Breast Urinary tract Colon Skin Prognosis Surgical excision Treatment that eradicates abnormal epithelium |
