unit 5 - lisa's pathology

Failure of brain and skull to develope fully

Failure of closure of the developing spinal canal

congenital or acquired - excessive CSF in ventricles, from obstruction or faulty absorpiton

Rupture of vessel - subarachnoid hemorrhage

Direct communication between an artery and vein, usually result of trauma, = veins engorged w/ arterial blood.

'Stroke' - Sudden impairment of cerebral circulation, results in infarction due to thrombosis, embolism (clot, fat, air) or bleeding (aneurysm) "brain death"

Transient Ischemic Attacks-
focual neuorlogical deficit that resolves w/in 24 hours.

Infiltrating tumor of supporting neurological tissue. Most common primary brain tumor.

Usually multiple lesions rather than one primary one, spread through blood (lung, breast most common)

neuroma of 8th cranial nerve sheath, expands and destroys IAC

Benign, arachnoid tumor

Rebound of brain from blow w/ LOC

Bruise of brain, worse than concussion

Bleeding between bone and dura. Can be rapidly fatal. Associated with blunt force trauma.

venous bleeding between dura and arachnoid space. Usually from blunt trauma w/out fx.

all four extremeties, damage to lower C spine

lower extremities, lower injuries than C spine

inflamm. of meninges from bacteria

inflamm. of brain and meninges from virus (mumps)

commonly strep infection from chronic sinus, ear or systemic infections

due to excessive, uncoordinated electrical discharges from cerebral cortex, LOC and convulsions

demyelination of nerves - uncoordinated nerve impulses, gaps, etc = uncontrolled movements

nucleus pulposus impinges on spinal cord

progressive nerve degeneration characterized by slow movement, fixed facial expression and involuntary rythmmic tremor of limbs that disappears w/ voluntary movement

genetic - matifests in 40's - progressive involuntary random movements and mental deterioration, no treatment, fatal w/in 15 years

Genetic metabolic disorder - decreased enzyme for conversion of amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosince. too much pheylalanin is toxic to brain tissue, seizures, mental retardation, too little tyrosine = absence of melanin (very light skin)

Genetic disorder of fat metabolism, accumulation of fats in brain, progressive physical and mental deterioration and early eath (2 to 4 years). Seen primarily in eastern european jews. no treatment or cure.

aka lou gherigs disease = relentlessly progressive, atrophy, loss of motor nerve cells.

Narrowing of aorta just beyond arch - decreased blood flow to abdomen and lower ext.

Atrial and ventricular septal defects. Or patent ductus arteriosus (fetal vessel between pulmonary artery and descending aorta. Permits mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Cardiac tamponade - fluid in pericardial space, compresses heart and stops beating

detached clot

clot in vessel

Plaque (fatty deposits) on walls of vessels, can obstruct, slow blood flow, cause thrombosis

localized dilitation of the artery due to weakness in the wall. (saccular = bulge; dissecting = between wall layers) Abdominal aorta common location

High blood pressure, leading cuase of stroke, CHF. Primary (gradual) or secondary (due to another disease). Can cause aneurysm, stroke, CHF.

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in pulmonary tissues.

Fluid accumulation in pleural space

congestive heart failure - inability of heart to pump blood at a sufficient rate and volume to provide adequate supply to tissues.
Left side - pulmonary vein and heart enlargement and pulmonary edema.
Right side - ventricular hypertrophy, enlarged pulmonary arteries, vena cavae, edema of lower extremities.

narrowing of coronary arteries causes 02 deprivation of the myocardium and ischemic heart desease. Narrrowing usually due to atherosclerosis, causes heart attacks (death of tissue distal to occlusion - Myocardial infarction.
Angina Pectoris is reversible (temporary ischemia of myocardium from narrowing, spasms.

of great vessels (aorta arises from right ventricle, pulmonary artery from left) so no communication between heart and lungs

autoimmune disease from pervious strep infection. antibodies attack heart valves, esp. mitral and joints. enlarged heart, pulmonary vessels, "vegetations" on valve flaps.

usually from rheumatic fever, causes obstruction of blood flow from left atrium into left ventricle

narrowing of pulmonary artery or valve, causes "blue baby", right side of dilitation

INFLAMMATION OF PERICARDIUM

inflammation of heart muscle

Dilated, torturous veins, from insufficient prevention of blood backflow by valve flaps

Irregular twitching of ventricles. One of the main causes of cardiac arrest. Little or no blood being pumped to body, will kill instantly

increaed blood in smaller vessels in an area

dec. or absence of blood flow in an area

too much blood in body

too little blood in the body

Excess fluid in cells, tissue, cavity

escape of blood from a vessel

inadequate BP. Hypovolemic, cardiogenic, neurogenic, anaphylactic and septic

failure of gastric mucosa to secrete intrinsic factor that facilitates b-12 absorption. Causes failure of RBC's to mature, they need vitamin b12

increased destruction rate of RBC'S due to cell defects

most common in african americans, hemoglobin molecule is abnormal and cell is crescent shaped and fragile. shape makes it hard to get through vessels, tend to clump

Inc. # of RBC's (altitude, lung and heart disease) - Hypervolemia (can have stroke)

Inc. # of WBC's - Leukopenia - Dec in WBC's

Inc. # of monocytes, due to Epstein Barr virus transmitted orally. Upper respiratory symptoms (sore throat, swollen lymph glands, fever)

Abnormal proliferation of WBC precursors in marrow tissues that produce them. Causes anemia, marrow replaced by immature wBC's, fewer RBC's and platelets.

Hereditary long coagulation time, appears clinically only in males. Lifelong tendency to spontaneious hemorrhage or sever bleeding from minor injuries

K necessary for clotting (in prothrombin formation)