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99 Cards in this Set
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Kidneys
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two structures on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood & secrete impurities, forming urine.
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Cortex
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outer part of the kidneys
cortex = bark |
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Hilum
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indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave
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Medulla
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inner part of the kidney
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calyces (calises)
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system of ducts carrying urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis
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Nephron
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microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each capable of forming urine
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Glomerulus
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little ball shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron
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Bowman's capsule
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top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus
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Renal Tubule
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stem portion of the nephron
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Ureter
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tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
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renal pelvis
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basin like portion of the ureter within the kidney
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Uteropelvic Junction
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point of connection between the renal pelvis and ureter
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urinary bladder
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sac that holds urine
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urethra
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single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body
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urethral meatus
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opening in the urethra to the outside of the body
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urine
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fluid produced by the kidneys containing water and waste products
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urea
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waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine
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creatinine
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waste product of muscle metabolism filtered out of the blood by kidneys and excreted in urine
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albuminuria or proteinuria
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presence of albumin in the urine; occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise
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anuria
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absence of urine formation
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bacteriuria
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presence of bacteria in the urine
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dysuria
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painful urination
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enuresis
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to void urine; involuntary discharge of the urine, most often refers to a lack of bladder control
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nocturnal enuresis
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bed wetting during sleep
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hematuria
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presence of blood in the urine
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glucosuria
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presence of glucose in the urine
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incontinence
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involuntary discharge of urine of feces
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stress urinary incontinence
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involutary discharge of urine during a cough, sneeze, and/or strained exercise
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ketonuria
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presence of ketone bodies in the urine
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ketone compounds
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acetone, beta-hydrobutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid are products of metabolism that appear in the urine as a result of an abnormal utilization of carbohydrates
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nocturia
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urination at night
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oliguria
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scanty production of urine
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polyuria
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condition of excessive urination
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pyuria
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presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection
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urinary retention
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retention of urine owing to the inability to void naturally because of spasm, obstruction, etc
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Adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD)
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inherited condition of multiple cysts that gradually form in the kidney, causing destruction of normal tissue that leads to renal failure
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glomerulonephritis
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form of nephritis involving the glomerulus
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hydronephrosis
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dilation and pooling of urine in the renal pelvis and calyces of one or both kidneys caused by an obstruction of the outflow of urine
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nephritis
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inflammation of the kidney
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pyelonephritis
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inflammation of the renal pelvis
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nephrosis
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degenerative disease of the renal tubules
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nephrolithiasis
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presence of mineral stones in the kidneys commonly caused by hyperuricuria or hypercalciuria
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cystitis
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inflammation of the bladder
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urethritis
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inflammation of the urethra
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urethrocystitis
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inflammation of the urethra and bladder
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urethral stenosis
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narrowed condition of the urethra (sten/o = narrow)
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Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
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invasion of pathogenic organisms in the structures of the urinary tract, especially in the urethra and bladder
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uremia or azotemia
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excessive urea and nitrogenous waste in the blood as a result of kidney failure
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cystometrogram
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record that measures urinary volume, bladder pressure, and capacity to evaluate urinary dysfunction such as incontinence
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cystoscopy
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examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope
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kidney biopsy or renal biopsy (Bx)
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removal of kidney tissue for pathological examination
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intravenous pyelogram or intravenous urogram (IVP)
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x-ray of the urinary tract after iodine is injected into the bloodstream and as the contrast passes through the kidney, revealing obstruction, evidence of trauma, etc
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Kidney, Ureter, Bladder (KUB)
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abdominal x-ray of kidney, ureter, and bladder typically used as a scout before IVP
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scout film
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plain x-ray to detect pathologies before further imaging
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renal angiogram or arteriogram
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x-ray of the renal artery made after injecting contrast material into a catheter in the artery
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retrograde pyelogram (RP)
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x-ray of upper urinary tract to detect presence of stones or obstruction
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voiding cystourethrogram (VCU or VCUG)
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x-ray of urethra and bladder taken during urination
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abdominal sonogram
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ultrasound of the urinary tract including the kidney, ureters, and bladder
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urinalysis
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physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine
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specific gravity (SpGr)
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kidneys ability to concentrate or dilute urine
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pH (urinalysis)
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the measurement of acidity or alkalinity of the urine
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glucose (urinalysis)
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chemical test to see if glucose is present in the urine
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albumin or protein (urinalysis)
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chemical test to see if albumin or protein is in the urine
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ketones (urinalysis)
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ketone detection in the urine
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occult blood, urine
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chemical test of hidden blood in the urine resulting from hemolysis indicates bleeding in the kidneys (occult = hidden)
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bilirubin (urinalysis)
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chemical test for bilirubin in the urine seen in gallbladder and liver disease
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urobilinogen (urinalysis)
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chemical test for bile pigment in the urine seen excessively in gallbladder and liver disease
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nitrite (urinalysis)
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chemical test for bacteria in the urine
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microscopic findings (urinalysis)
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microscopic indentification of abnormal constituents in the urine as per high or low power field
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urine culture & sensitivity (C&S)
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isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium that propagates the growth of microscopic organisms; organisms that grow in the culture are identified, and drugs to which they are sensitive to are listed
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blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the kidney's inability to excrete urea
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creatinine, serum
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test for level of creatinine in the blood; useful in assessing kidney function
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creatinine, urine
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test for level of creatinine in urine
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creatinine clearance testing
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measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and a 24 hour urine specimen to determine the rate of creatinine cleared from the blood by the kidneys
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urologic endoscopic surgery
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use of specialized endoscopes within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures
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resectoscope
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urologic endoscope sent through the urethra to resect lesions of the bladder urethra or prostate
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intracorporeal lithotripsy
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method of destroying stones within the urinary tract using electrical energy discharges transmitted to a probe within a flexible endoscope
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nephrotomy
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incision into kidneys
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nephrorraphy
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suture of kidney
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nephrolithotomy
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incision to remove kidney stones
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nephrectomy
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excision of the kidney
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pyeloplasty
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reconstruction of the renal pelvis
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stent placement
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use of a device to hold open vessels or tubes
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kidney transplantation or renal transplantation
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transfer of a kidney from the body of one person to another
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urinary diversion
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creation of a temporary or permanent diversion to pass urine outside of the body
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extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
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procedure using ultrasound to penetrate the body from outside and bombard and disintergrate a stone within
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kidney dialysis
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methods of filtering impurities from the blood to replace the function of one or both kidneys due to renal failure
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hemodialysis
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method to remove impurities by pumping the patient's blood through a dialyzer, the specialized filter of the artificial kidney machine
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peritoneal dialysis
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method of removing impurities using the peritoneum as the filter; catheter insertion in the peritoneal cavity is required to deliver cleansing fluid that is washed in and out of in cycles
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analgesic
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drug that relieves pain
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antibiotic
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drug that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms
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antispasmodic
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drug that relieves spasms
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diuretic
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drug that increases the secretion of urine
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BUN
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Blood Urea Nitrogen
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C&S
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urine Culture & Sensitivity
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IVP
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IntraVenous Pyelogram
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KUB
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Kidney Ureter Bladder
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UA
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UrinAlysis
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UTI
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Urinary Tract Infection
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