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Toxin that inactivates elongation factor 2 (EF2)

1.) ______________
2.) ______________
Diptheria toxin
Exotoxin A




Who makes these fuckers?
Toxin that inactivates 60S ribosome by cleacing rRNA:



1.)______________
2.)______________
Shiga toxin

and

Shiga-like toxin
(EHEC O157:H7)
Toxins overactivate adenylate cyclase-----> Increases cAMP causes increased Cl–/H2O secretion (in gut)
Cholera toxin – Vibrio cholerae

Heat-Labile toxin (LT) – ETEC



Alright... who makes 'em?
Toxin overactivates guanylate cyclase--------> Incr cGMP which leads to DECREASED NaCl/H2O RESORPTION (in gut)
Heat-Stable (ST)
Toxin cleaves SNARE proteins required for neurotransmitter release:

1.)__________________
2.)__________________
1.) Tetanospasmin
2.) Botulinum toxin
This toxin is basically the Staph aureus version of perforin: ____________
alpha-Exotoxin


BLOWS A HOLE RIGHT THROUGH YOU !!!
Toxin overactivates adenylate cyclase BUT, it does so by blocking Gi------> Impaired phagocytosis
Pertussis toxin



Bordetella pertussis
ETEC makes two wicked toxins.

Name them:
1.) _____________
2.) _____________
1.) Heat-Labile toxin (LT)
2.) Heat-Stabile toxin (ST)
Psuedomembanes and pharyngitis toxin
EF-2

elongation factor 2


Causes Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
Shiga toxin & Shiga-like toxin
Side effects:

Hyperglycemia
Lipodystrophy (e.g. buffalo hump)
Nausea & Diarrhea
Protease Inhibitors
How do Protease Inhibitors work?
They prevent viral maturation

i.e preventing HIV protease (pol gene) from cleaving mRNA
Side effects:

Bone Marrow Suppression
Peripheral Neurophathy
Lactic Acidosis
NRTIs

AND

Non-NRTIs
What anti-viral is given prophylactically to pregnant women?
Zidovudine

(ZDV or AZT)
How to you recognize a Non-NRTI?
It's got a "–vir–" in the middle

ne-vir-apine

efa-vir-enz

dela-vir-dine
What viral enzyme must be present in order to activate NRTIs?
Thymidine kinase


How does TK do this?









Phosphorylation
What HIV antiviral drug is commonly associated with rash as a side effect?
Tenofovir

Which class does this belong to?
This HIV antiviral blocks HIV integrase.



i.e. inhibits genome integration into the host cell chromosome.
Raltegravir
Binds to viral gp41 thereby preventing fusion and entry
Enfuvirtide
Binds to CCR5 thereby blocking viral gp120 from attachment
Maraviroc
Who makes Heat Stable toxin (ST)? (two bugs)
ETEC (Traveler's Diarrhea)
Yersinia enterolitica (Dysentery)
What is the meaning of "Watery diarrhea... Labile in Air, STable on the Ground."
Watery diarrhea: (ETEC)

Labile Air = cAMP
Stabile Ground = cGMP
What is a key difference between Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxin?
Shigla-like toxin is made by EHEC which does NOT invade host cells.
End in "–navir"
Protease Inhibitors
What can be given to relieve the bone marrow suppression in HAART?
G-CSF
Erythropoietin
What is a unique side effect of Zidovudine?
Megaloblastic Anemia
Tenofovir is special.

Which class does this belong to?
NRTI


Special because Tenofovir is the only nucleoTIDE inhibitor
Do Non-NRTIs bind competitively or non-competitively?
NON-COMPETITIVELY


(NRTIs only bind competatively)
Most common side effect of Reltegravir is:
Hypercholesterolemia