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Amine Hormone Synthesis
tyrosin -[ tyrosine hydroxylase ]--> L-Dopa

L-Dopa -[ dopa decarboxylase]--> dopamine

dopamine -[dopamine beta hydroxylase]--> Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine -[phenylethanoamine-N-methyltransferase ]--> Epinephrine
Peptide Hormone Synthesis
ribosome --> pre-pro hormone

ER --> prohormone

Golgi --> hormone
o Long negative feedback loop
btw hormone & anterior pituitary stimulating hormone
o Second long negative feedback loop
btw hormone and hypothalamus

T3 down regs TRH
o Short loop
btw anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
Extra short loop
hypothalamus & hypothalamus
Positive feedback
oxytocin - childbirth

estradiol - menses
posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) hormones
made in hypoythalamus,

ADH

Oxytocin
hormones that down regulate
drop # sensitivity of receptors

progesterone (decreases it's & estrogens receptors)

T3 down reg TRH receptors in Anterior Pituitary
up regulating hormones
increase # sensitivity of their receptors

prolactin

growth hormone

estrogen
Phospholipase C Mechanism
G protein activates PLC

PLC clips PIP --> DAG & IP3

DAG activates PKC

IP3 causes Ca++ from ER
steroid hormones
Glucocorticoids
Aldosterone
Thyroid hormones
1, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
Estrogen
Progesterone
Test
Tyrosine Kinase hormones
G protein activates GC, increasing cGMP

Insulin,

IGF
• 2 nuclear groups in hypothalamus
release into posterior pituitary

1.) Supraoptic nucleus

2.) paraventricular nucleus
Supraoptic nucleus
hypothalamus --> posterior pituitary

synthesis of ADH
paraventricular nucleus
hypothalamus --> posterior pituitary

synthesis of oxytocin
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
TSH, FSH, & LH

ACTH

GH & prolactin
ACTH family
preprohormone opiomelanocortin

has MSH in it

Addison Dz: elevated MSH
GH is similar to
prolactin
somatostatin
made by hypothalamus

tells Anterior Pituitary less GH
Gi --> less cAMP
somatotropin
GH
o GHRH
made by hypothalamus

AC --> PLC

neg feedback = very short loop
somatomedin
IGF1

increases somatostatin which decreases GH release
excess GH
acromegaly

Tx somatostatin, octreotride
these lead to increased somatostatin
somatomedin

GH
Prolactin Regulation
+ TRH

- dopamine
Prolactin neg reg
causes hypothalamus + Dopamine

--> less Prolactin
Actions of Prolactin
Stops ovulation --> stoping gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GRH)

boobs at puberty & pregars
• Excess Prolactin
galactorrhea and infertility

bad hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
prolactinoma

Tx: dopamine analogues (Bromocriptine)
ADH (vasopressin) regulation
released b/c
-Increased blood osmolarity
- low BP (Hypovolemia)
Actions of ADH
cAMP --> insert Aqua channels

Contraction smooth muscles
• Central diabetes insipidus
o Insufficient ADH

o Defect in hypothalamus / posterior pituitary pathway
• Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
ADH normal to high

problem w/ V2 receptors on principle cells
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
carcinoma of lungs

too much ADH
oxytocin actions
drop baby

Drop milk
Thyroid hormone Synthesis
1.) synthesis of TG from tyrosine intracellular
2.) I- pump basal membrane
3.) oxidation of I- to I2 peroxidase apical membrane
4.) organification of into MIT and DIT peroxidase apical membrane
5.) coupling MIT & DIT into T3 and T4 peroxidase apical
6.) endocytosis of TG apical
7.) hydrolysis of T3 and T4,
8.) diodination of residual MIT and DIT, intracellularly deiodinase
this inhibits oxy of I-

steps 3, 4, 5
PTU (propythiouracil)

inhibits peroxidase
inhibits movement of I
Perchlorate

Thiocynate