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95 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Pelodera strongylodies is found in which hosts and in which tissues?
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dog and cat
skin and SQ tissues |
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T/F
Pelodera strongylodies is normally found free-living in the environment |
True
It occasionally becomes parasitic |
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Dipetalonema reconditum is found in which hosts and in which tissues?
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dogs
SQ connective tissue and perirenal tissue |
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Dipetalonema reconditum has recently been renamed to ___________ _____
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Acanthocheilonema reconditum
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T/F
Dipetalonema reconditum can easily be confused for whipworm. |
False
Dipetalonema reconditum microfilariae are easily confused with heartworm |
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Dracunculus insignis is found in which hosts and in which tissues?
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dogs
SQ tissue |
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What is the treatment for a Dracunculus insignis infection?
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surgical removal of the worm without breaking it. The worm is wrapped around the stick and then the stick is turned a bit more each day.
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Spirocerca lupi cases which primary lesion in which species?
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nodules in the esophagus of dogs; can become occlusive
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What is the intermediate host of Spirocerca lupi?
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beetles--adults or larvae
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What are some secondary lesions caused by migration of Spirocerca lupi?
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aortic leakage, aneurysms
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What are the most important lesions caused by Spirocerca lupi?
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long bone boney growth; cancers--usually sarcomas
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Which species is most greatly affected by Physaloptera spp. and what is the clinical sign seen in this animal?
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Cats--common cause of vomiting
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What are the intermediate hosts of Physaloptera spp.?
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crickets, beetles, cockroaches
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What is the most common intestinal parasite of puppies?
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Toxocara canis
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Choose the correct answers:
Adult female Toxocara canis lay (embryonated/unembryonated) eggs in the dog (small/large) intestine. |
unembryonated eggs
small intestine |
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In which environment do Toxocara canis eggs embryonate and over what time period?
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eggs embryonate over a 2 week period in the outside environment (outside of the host)
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What is the pathway of migration of Toxocara canis larvae in the adult dog? (end at lungs)
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ingestion-->hatch in duodenum-->penetrate gut wall-->migrate to liver and lungs
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What are the two fates of Toxocara canis larvae in the lungs of an adult dog?
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most pass through to the heart where they are distributed throughout the body; in younger dogs, larvae pass into the alveoli and migrate up the bronchi and trachea (tracheal migration)
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In which tissues do most Toxocara canis larvae encyst?
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skeletal muscle, kidney
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What happens to Toxocara larvae found in the trachea?
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The larvae are coughed up and then swallowed. Once in the stomach and small intestine, the larvae develop further and start shedding eggs at day 30-34
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What activates encysted Toxocara canis larvae in the pregnant bitch?
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this is unknown
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How do Toxocara canis larvae reach the fetus of a pregnant bitch?
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transplacental migration via the placenta and umbilical vein
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Where in the fetus does Toxocara canis remain until birth?
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in the fetal liver
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Besides transplacental migration of Toxocara canis larvae, how can puppies become infected?
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Transmammary after day 5 of lactation
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After whelping, what is the migration pattern of Toxocara canis larvae in the neonatal puppy?
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liver-->lungs-->trachea-->coughed up and swallowed-->GIT for development into adult worms
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An owner is concerned about a roundworm infection in a two week old litter of puppies. What will be the results of the fecal? why?
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negative; prenatally infected puppies will not shed eggs until 3 weeks after birth
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When a puppy is infected with Toxocara canis transmammary, what is the pattern of larval migration?
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None, larvae will develop directly in the GIT of the puppy without migrating through the liver or lungs
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Puppies that are infected with Toxocara canis will have which pattern of larval migration?
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tracheal migration
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Define paratenic host and give an example for a Toxocara canis infection.
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an intermediate host that is not required for the development of the parasite; an example with Toxocara canis is a rodent
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Ingestion of a paratenic host will lead to which pattern of migration of Toxocara canis larvae?
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tracheal migration
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Which nematode of dogs can cause ocular larval migrans?
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Toxocara canis
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Which nematode of dogs can cause visceral larval migrans?
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Toxocara canis
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How many eggs are laid per day per female Toxocara canis?
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200,000
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How should the housing area of a roundworm infected animal be treated?
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Chlorox will make eggs less sticky--easier to wash them away; flame and steam will kill the eggs
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What is the roundworm of the raccoon?
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Baylisascaris
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What is the major zoonotic issue with raccoon roundworm?
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It can migrate into the brain of a human child
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What is the most common roundworm of kittens?
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Toxocara cati
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What is the larval migration pattern of transplacental Toxocara cati infection?
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Toxocara cati is not transmitted transplacentally
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T/F
The probability of tracheal migration of Toxocara cati larvae remains high even for adult cats |
True
Tracheal migration is low in older dogs with Toxocara canis infections |
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Are paratenic hosts more greatly involved in Toxocara spp. infections of the dog or the cat?
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More important in the cat
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What is the paratenic host of Toxocara cati?
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mouse
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What is the non-migratory intestinal roundworm that infects adult dogs?
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Toxascaris leoninal
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Match these hookworms to their geographical distribution
Ancyclostoma caninum, Uncinaria sternocephala Northern states, Southern states |
Ancyclostoma caninum = Southern
Uncincaria sternocephala = Northern |
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What are the modes of transmission of hookworms?
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transmammary
transplacental |
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How many eggs does a female hookworm lay per day?
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20,000
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Which nematode causes cutaneous larval migrans?
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hookworms
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What type of nematode is Strongylodies stercoralis and which animals does it infect?
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hookworm
infects dogs, cats, humans |
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Which group of nematodes is found in the cecum and colon of dogs?
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Whipworms
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T/F
Trichuris vulpis has a short prepatent period |
false
has a long PPP |
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T/F
Trichuris vulpis causes rapid death |
True
death is very rapid |
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How does a cat contract whipworms?
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Cats in the U.S. do not get whipworm infections; however, they may have eggs in their feces from ingestion of infected mice
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What makes diagnosis of a Trichuris vulpis infection difficult?
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intermittent shedding of eggs, low number of eggs produced, rapid death of patient
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What is the best diagnosis of a Trichuris vulpis infection?
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response to treatment with panacur
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What is the most common clinical sign in whipworm infection?
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large bowel diarrhea--small amounts of mucoid feces produced after much straining
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How do humans contract a whipworm infection?
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Trichuris vulpis is non-zoonotic
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What is the agent of heartworm disease in dogs and which is the infectious stage?
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Dirofilaria immitus
female microfiliariae are the infectious stage |
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Why would you not test a 5 month old dog for heartworms?
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The PPP is 6-7 months, so the puppy isn't old enough for detection of an infection
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What is the PPP of heartworm in the cat?
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8-9 months
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What is the main differential diagnosis of a cat that actually has a heartworm infection?
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feline asthma
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What are the clinical signs of a heartworm infection in a cat?
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vomiting, coughing, difficulty breathing, sudden death
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Why do standard tests for heartworms not work well in cats?
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Dirofiliaria infections in cats produce so few worms that normal tests do not detect their presence
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T/F
An animal with a heartworm infection should be treated immediately with high doses of ivermectin |
False; treatment should be gradual to prevent an overload of antigen from dying worms
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What is Wolbachia and why is it important clinically?
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Wolbachia is an intracellular component of Dirofilaria imitans; it is thought to be the cause of antigen overload from rapidly killing worms
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How can antigen overload be prevented in treating a Dirofilaria imitans infection?
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treatment with doxycycline for one month prior to killing worms with ivermectin--this will kill off Wolbachia which should decrease the antigen load of the heartworms
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How can Dirofiliaria imitans larvae be killed?
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Ivermectin kills larvae under 30 days old
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Where is Capilaria plica found and in which species?
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urinary bladder of dogs and cats
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What do Capilaria plica eggs look like?
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The eggs look like whipworm eggs--bipolar
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Dioctophyma renale is found where and in which species?
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Found in the RIGHT kidney of dogs
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T/F
Parascaris equorum is found in the large intestine of horses |
False; parasite of the small intestine
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What is summer cold? Summer cold is most likely to be seen in horses of what age group?
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Summer cold is an infection with Parascaris equorum in foals under a year old
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How do horses contract a Parascaris equorum infection?
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ingestion of larvae
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T/F
An infection with Parascaris equorum should be treated immediately with high doses |
False;
rapid killing of worms could cause an obstructive colic |
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What is the main clinical sign of Strongyloides westeri?
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diarrhea in foals
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Eggs of Strongyloides westeri are passed in the feces how long after an infection?
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6-10 days post infection as this is the PPP
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What is the best method for control of Strongyloides westeri in horses?
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treatment of the mare with ivermectin within 12 hours of foaling
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Where in the body is Strongyloides spp. found and in which species?
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found in small intestine of foals
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What are the three most important strongyles in horses? Are these large or small?
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Strongylus equinus, S. edentaus, S. vulgaris
these are all large strongyles |
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How can eggs of small and large strongyles be differentiated?
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They cannot be differentiated
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In the Northern states, when do strongyles emerge?
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Emerge in spring in the north
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How can you treat a Strongyle infection in a horse?
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Quest, Panacur Power Pack (parasite is resistant to many other drugs)
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Ostertagia is which type of nematode and infects which animal species?
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Ostertagia is a trichostrongyle. It infects ruminants
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Describe Type I life stage of Ostertagia. What clinical signs are seen?
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normal maturation of adult to an egg-producing state; causes clinical signs of adult infection
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Describe Pre-type II life stage of Ostertagia. What clinical signs are seen?
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invasion of host mucosa by L3 and subsequent arrested development of larvae in mucosa; no clinical signs
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Describe Type II life stage of Ostertagia. What clinical signs are seen?
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sudden development of arrested larvae to adult; abnormal gastric gland function, clay colored diarrhea, cobblestone appearance to abomasum
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In the Northern U.S. in spring, which type of Ostertagia would be seen?
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Type II in Northern U.S. in spring
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In the Northern U.S. in winter, which type of Ostertagia would be seen?
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Pre-type II in Northern U.S. in winter
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In the Southern U.S., Type II Ostertagia is detected. Is this the winter or the spring or the summer? What other types may be present?
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Summer, Pre-type II may also be present
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How are lung worms (Dictyocaulus spp.) of ruminants diagnosed?
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Detection of eggs in feces via Baermann technique
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What is the roundworm found in swine?
|
Ascaris suum
|
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What lesions are caused by swine roundworms and how are they created?
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"milk spots" on liver due to migration of larvae through the organ--disappear after the larvae leave the liver
|
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What age group of swine are most likely affected by roundworms?
|
2-5 month old "weaner" pigs
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T/F
Trichuris suis (whipworm) infections can be cleared with ivermectin |
False, ivermectin will not work on this infection; fenbendazole has moderate efficacy
|
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Oesphagostomum dentatum cause what lesions in which species?
|
create nodules in the large intestine of swine "Thin sow syndrome"
|
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T/F
Eggs of Oesphagostomum dentatum do not survive well in cool or hot/dry temperatures |
True; larval development is temperature dependent, so they do not survive well in the Northern U.S.
|
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Confinement may actually increase the prevalence of infection by Oesphagostomum dentatum due to what cause?
|
Constant temperatures in confinement allows eggs to survive year-round
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