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28 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Whatare the three types of cell culture?
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primary, diploid, continuous
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What sort of cell culture has unlimited cell division?
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Continuous
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What is the preferred culture used for the production of human virus antibodies?
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Human diploid fibroblasts
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Describe the cell division abilities of diploid and primary cell cultures
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Primary cell cultures have limited division, diploid cell strains have extensive, but not unlimited cell division
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What cell culture is not used for the production of viral antibodies?
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Continuous cell lines because they contain mutated oncogenes
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Describe a lytic viral infection
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It is a productive and cytocidal (cell killing) infection
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Describe a steady-state infection
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It is a productive but non-cytocidal infection; it is persistant infection and more characteristic of human virus infections
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Describe a latent infection
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It is a non-productive and non cytocidal infection with the possibility of reactivation to give a lytic or steady state infection
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What is contact inhibition?
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Cells growing in a monolayer culture will stop growing once a complete monolayer has been achieved
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What is cell transformation?
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Non-human retro viruses containing activated oncogenes infect cells with oncogenes; transformed cells have altered growth properties, lose contact inhibition
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What is the eclipse period?
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The time until the first new virus is produced
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What is the latent period?
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Time until the first extracellular virus appears
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What is the burst size?
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The amount of new virus per infected cell
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What is the viral plaque assay and for what sort of virus is it used?
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Viruses are added to a cell monolayer and a "plaque" is generated by several rounds of replication by a lytic virus; not possible to be used for non-lytic virions
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What is the viral neutralization assay?
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It is an adaption of the plaque assay where the reduction of plaques is monitored when neutralizing antibodies (or antiviral drugs) against the virus are mixed in dilution series with the virus
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What are the major steps in the productive replication of viruses? (7)
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1) adsorption 2) penetration/uncoating 3) expression of "early" genes 4)DNA replication of genome 5) expression of "late" viral genes 6) virion assembly 7) release
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What happens in the adsorption phase of viral productive replication?
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The virus attaches to the cell surface receptors via viral surface proteins such as glycoprotiens or capsids
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What happens in the penetration/uncoating phase of productive replication?
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Receptor mediated endocytosis occurs along with uncoating in the nucleus or cytoplasm
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What is the purpose of expression of "early" viral genes?
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Most viruses produce viral mRNAs and protein which are important for replication of the viral genome after the viral DNA has been inserted into the cell
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How do most DNA viruses undergo transcription?
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Most use host DNA dependent RNA polymerase in the nucleus
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What are two strategies for the replication of the genome for DNA virions?
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1) Use of host DNA dependent DNA polymerase 2) use of viral non-structural DNA dependent DNA polymerase (early gene product)
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What is the purpose of expression "late" viral genes?
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To generate multiply templates for transcription and mainly structural proteins packaged in the new virions
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How do lipid enveloped virions exit the cell? naked icosohedral?
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Enveloped virions exit by "budding" through the host's plasma membrane; naked icosohedral virions lyse the cells
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How does the pox virus replicate and what machinery is used?
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The pox virus replicates in the cytoplasm of the host (rather than the nucleus) and uses viral structural DNA dependent RNA polymerases for transcription and viral non-structural DNA dependent DNA polymerase for genome replication
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What is different about the replication of the herpes B virus (hepadna)?
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It uses a viral structural RNA dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) and also uses a DNA dependent RNA polymerase II from the host
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What is different about the parvovirus replication?
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It is a ssDNA genome that is copied into dsDNA by the host DNA polymerase followed by transcription using host RNA polyermase (no early gene transcription occurs)
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What is different about the herpesviruses infection?
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It can go into a latent phase with the possibility of reactivation; it's genome is not integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the host
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What is an important target for anti-viral drugs inhibiting replication in herpesviruses?
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The viral non structural DNA dependent DNA polymerase (early gene product)
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