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61 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Connective tissue sheet covering the superior aspect of the cranium.
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Galea aponeurotica
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Vaultlike portion of the skull encasing the brain.
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Cranium
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Pseudojoints that join the various bones of the skull to form the cranium.
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Sutures
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Pressure exerted on the brain by the blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
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Intracranial pressure (ICP)
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Three membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. They are the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid membrane.
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Meninges
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Tough layer of the meninges firmly attached to the interior of the skull and interior of the spinal column.
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Dura mater
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Inner and most delicate layer of the meninges. It covers the convolutions of the brain and spinal cord.
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Pia mater
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Middle layer of the meninges.
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Arachnoid
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Fluid surrounding and bathing the brain and spinal cord (the elements of the central nervous system).
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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Largest part of the brain. It consists of two hemispheres separated by a deep longitudinal fissure. It is the seat of consciousness and the center of the higher mental functions such as memory, learning, reasoning, judgment, intelligence, and emotions.
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Cerebrum
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Portion of the brain located dorsally to the pons and medulla oblongata. It plays an important role in the fine control of voluntary muscular movements.
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Cerebellum
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The part of the brain connecting the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It is comprised of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain.
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Brainstem
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Portion of the brain connecting the pons and cerebellum with the cerebral hemispheres.
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Midbrain
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Portion of the brain important for controlling certain metabolic activities, including regulation of body temperature.
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Hypothalamus
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Switching station between the pons and the cerebrum in the brain.
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Thalamus
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A series of nervous tissues keeping the human system in a state of consciousness.
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Ascending reticular activating system
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Process of tissue responsible for the communication interchange between the cerebellum, the cerebrum, the midbrain, and the spinal cord.
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Pons
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Lower portion of the brainstem containing the respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor centers.
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Medulla oblongata
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The pressure moving blood through the brain.
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Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)
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Process that controls blood flow to brain tissue by causing alterations in the blood pressure.
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Autoregulation
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The cheekbone.
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Zygoma
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Bone of the upper jaw.
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Maxilla
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The jawbone.
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Mandible
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The opening of the nostrils.
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Nares
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Outer, visible portion of the ear.
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Pinna
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The three rings of the inner ear. They sense the motion of the heard and provide positional sense for the body.
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Semicircular canals
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The eye socket.
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Orbit
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Clear watery fluid filling the posterior chamber of the eye. It is responsible for giving the eye its spherical shape.
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Vitreous humor
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Light- and color-sensing tissue lining the posterior chamber of the eye.
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Retina
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Clear fluid filling the anterior chamber of the eye.
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Aqueous humor
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Pigment portion of the eye. It is the muscular area that constricts or dilates to change the size of the pupil.
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Iris
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Dark opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye.
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Pupil
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The "white" of the eye.
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Sclera
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Thin, delicate layer covering the pupil and the iris.
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Cornea
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Mucous membrane that lines the eyelids.
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Conjuctiva
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Liquid that lubricates the eye.
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Lacrimal fluid
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Black-and-blue discoloration over the mastoid process (just behind the ear) that is characteristic of a basilar skull fracture. (Also called Battle's sign.)
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Retroauricular ecchymosis
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Black-and-blue discoloration of the area surrounding the eyes. It is usually associated with basilar skull fracture. (Also called raccoon eyes.)
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Bilateral periorbital ecchymosis
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An injury to the brain occurring on the same side as the site of impact.
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Coup injury
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Occurring on the opposite side; an injury to the brain opposite the site of impact.
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Contrecoup injury
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Types of Direct Brain Injury
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Focal
- Cerebral contusion - Intracranial hemorrhage - Epidural hematoma - Subdural hematoma - Intracerebral hemorrhage Diffuse - Concussion (mild to moderate diffuse axonal injury) - Moderate diffuse axonal injury - Severe diffuse axonal injury (formerly, brainstem injury) |
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Accumulation of blood between the dura mater and the cranium.
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Epideral hematoma
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Collection of blood directly beneath the dura mater.
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Subdural hematoma.
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Bleeding directly into the tissue of the brain.
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Intracerebral hemorrhage
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Type of brain injury characterized by shearing, stretching, or tearing of nerve fibers with subsequent axonal damage.
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Diffuse axonal injury
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A transparent period of unconsciousness. In most cases, the unconsciousness will be followed by a complete return of function.
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Concussion
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Signs and Symptoms of Brain Injury
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- Altered level of consciousness
- Altered level of orientation - Alterations in personality - Amnesia = Retrograde = Anterograde - Cushing's triad = Increased blood pressure = Slowing pulse rate = Irregular respirations - Vomiting (often without nausea) - Body temperature changes - Changes in reactivity of pupils - Decorticate posturing |
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Inability to remember events that occurred before the trauma that caused the condition.
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Retrograde amnesia
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Inability to remember events that occurred after the trauma that caused the condition.
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Anterograde amnesia
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Response due to cerebral ischemia that causes an increase in systemic blood pressure, which maintains cerebral perfusion during increased intracranial pressure.
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Cushing's reflex
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Respiratory pattern of alternating periods of apnea and tachypnea
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Cheyne-Stokes respirations
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The combination of increasing blood pressure, slowing pulse, and irregular respirations in response to increased intracranial pressure.
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Cushing's triad
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Scoring system for monitoring the neurologic status of patients with head injuries.
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Glasgow Coma Scale
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Classification system for fractures involving the maxilla.
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Le Fort criteria
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Le Fort Facial Fractures
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I - slight instability to maxilla; no displacement
II - fracture of both maxilla and nasal bones III - fracture involving entire face below brow ridge (zygoma, nasal bone, maxilla) |
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Double vision.
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Diplopia
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Blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, in front of the iris.
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Hyphema
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A nontraumatic occlusion of the retinal artery resulting in a sudden, painless loss of vision in one eye.
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Acute retinal artery occlusion
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Condition that may be of traumatic origin and present with patient complaint of a dark curtain obstructing a portion of the field of view.
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Retinal detachment
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The response of both eyes to changes in light intensity that affect only one eye.
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Consensual reactivity
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Involuntary contractions or twitchings of muscle fibers.
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Fasciculations
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