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91 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Inorganic
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Toxic Metals which include arsenic, chromium, barium, cadmium, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver. Non-metals include Fluoride and Nitrate.
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Eutrophic
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Reservoirs and lakes which are rich in nutrients and very productive in terms of aquatic animals and plant life.
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Mesotrophic
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Reservoirs and lakes which contain MODERATE quantities of nutrients and are MODERATELY productive in terms of aquatic animals and plant life.
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Epilimnion
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The upper layer of water in a internally stratified lake. This layer consists of the in warmest water and has a fairly uniformed temperature. This layer is readily mixed by wind action.
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Thermocline
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The middle layer in a internally stratified lake or reservoir. In this layer there is a rapid decrease in temperature with depth.
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Water Table
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The upper surface of the zone of saturation or ground water in an unconfirmed aquifer.
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Toot Valve
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A special type of check valve located at the bottom end of the suction pipe on the pump. This valve opens when the pump operates to allow water to enter the suction pipe but closed when the pump shuts off to keep water in the suction pipe.
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Name the Chemical that corresponds with the chemical symbols:
CA, C, Cl, Cv, F, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Na, S, Zn |
Calcium, Carbon, Chlorine, Copper, Fluorine, Iron, Lead, Magnesium, Manganese, Sodium, Sulfur, Zinc
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Identify the chemical Formulas by name and common name (if applicable):
NH3 (Gas), NH4OH (Solution), CaCO3, Ca(HCO3)2, Ca(OH)2, CaO, ClO2, CuSO4, NaCl, NaCO3, NaHCO3, NaOH, NaF |
Ammonia, Calcium, Bicabonate, Calcium, Hydroxide (Hydrated Lime), Calcium Oxide (Quick Lime), Clorine Dioxide, Copper Sulfate (Blue Vitriol), Sodium Chloride (Salt), Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash), Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda), Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda), Sodium Fluoride
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What is the common name and chemical name to these formulas:
CaCO3, CA(OH)2, CAO, CuSO4, H2SO4, NACl |
<CaCO3> Calcium Carbonate = Limestone
<CA(OH)2> Calcium Hydroxide = Hydrated Lime <CAO> Calcium Oxide = Quick Lime <CuSO4> Copper Sulfate = Blue Vitriol <H2SO4> Sulfuric Acid = Oil of Vitriol <NACl> Sodium Chloride = Salt |
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Which ions are in Alkaline waters that react with copper ions to form insoluble compounds that precipitate from solution and reduce the biologically active copper in reservoirs?
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Bicarbonates, and Carbonate Ions
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What is the pump installed above a well called?
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A shallow well pump; this pump takes water from the well by suction lift. (max. lift 20ft)
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What part of a well prevents surface water from entering the well, hole; and prevents the well casing from exterior corrosion?
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Annular Grout Seal
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What is the most commonly used flow meter for a pump application?
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The propeller or turbine type with a magnetic drive equipped with a register for the total flow and a rate of flow indicator.
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What are the FOUR agents which alter the quality of water as it moves over or below the surface of the earth?
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1) Physical
2) Chemical 3) Biological 4) Radiological |
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Where should sampling taps be located?
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Downside of the pump check valve.
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Where should pressure relief valve be installed?
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All hydropneumatic tanks.
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What are the keys to selecting unpolluted sites?
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Hydrology and Geology.
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What is the most commonly used acid proven effective for delaying a chemical reaction of copper with bicarbonate and carbonate ions of the water?
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Citric Acid
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What is the purpose of a "TOOT VALVE"?
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Maintain the prime of the pump.
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What are THREE basic types of well screens?
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1) Continuous Slot
2) Bar 3) Wire Wound |
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At what temperature is water pleasant? What temperature in not acceptable?
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(Good) 50°F - 60°F
(Bad) 86°F |
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The name for a detailed description of any underground features discovered during the drilling of a well is called?
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Geological Log
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What are the functions of a well casing?
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1) Maintain the well hole by preventing it walls from collapsing.
2) Provide a way to get water to pump. 3) Form a chamber for the well pump. 4) Protect the quality of water being pumped. |
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The name of the THREE major water quality indicators that effect the efficiency of using copper sulfate as an algicide?
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1) Alkalinity
2) Suspended Matter 3) Water Temperature |
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Discharge head, Ft. = ?
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Pressure, P.S.I x 2.31 ft/psi
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What will happen if pumping is contained at a rate that exceeds the rate of replacement by water bearing formations?
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The "Sustained Yield" of the well or group of wells will be executed.
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The name for mud or sand deposited by flowing water may occur after heavy rains is called?
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Alluvial
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What problems are sometimes created when a slight excess of lime is fed during softening to cause a caustic condition to ensure complete reactions?
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Can cause a scale to form on the filter sand, distribution mains and household plumbing.
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What does a negative/angelier index and a positive index indicate to the operator?
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Negative Index: water is corrosive.
Positive Index: water is scale forming. *After water is softened, water to customers should be stabled. |
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In the chemical precipitation process, what kind of hardness can be removed by the use of lime only? Also what is removed by the use of both lime and soda?
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Lime Only: carbonated hardness (Temporary Hardness)
Lime Soda: non-carbonated hardness (Permanent Hardness) |
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What are the FOUR common stages of operation for each ion exchanger in service, regardless of manufacture?
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1) Service
2) Backwash 3) Brine 4) Rinse |
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What happens to CO2 when enough lime is added to water?
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Any carbon Dioxide (CO2) present is converted to calcium carbonated.
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What is an alternative method in the lime-soda softening process in place of soda ash?
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Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), often called caustic soda.
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Why is ion exchange a very desirable means of water softening?
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Ion exchange in a non-selective method of softening. This means it will remove total hardness (the sum of carbonate hardness)
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What is the purpose of the backwash stage of an ion exchange softener?
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To expand and clean the media or resign particles and also to free any material such as iron and manganese that might have been removed during the softening stage.
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What factors determine the amount of hardness in the ion exchange softening process?
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1) A high (TDS), over 500 mg/L
2) A high sodium content 3) Size of the softener 4) The exchange capacity |
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Why is the source water blended with the effluent from an ion exchange softener?
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So the customers will receive water with an exceptional quality. Delivering water with a zero hardness is very expensive and the water is corrosive.
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Why should aluminum never be imbedded into concrete without protection?
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Aluminum may be oxidized by Hydroxy ions.
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What type of sodium polyphosphate has been used for corrosion control. What is the major reason to use these chemicals in water treatment?
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Tetrasodium pyrophosphate or sodium hexametaphosphate use these chemicals to control scale formation in waters that scale supersaturated with CaCo3.
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Bases contain which ion that will react with which type of alkalinity constituent to form what?
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Bases = hydroxide ion (OH)
Bicarbonate ion (Hco3) + Hydroxide ion (OH)− ----> Carbonite ion |
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Acids contain what type of ion that will react with carbonate + bicarbonate (alkalinity)? What is formed when acids react with carbonate + bicarbonate?
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Carbonate ion + Hydrogen ion [acid] ---> Bicarbonate ion (H2Co3)
Bicarbonate ion + Hydrogen ion ---> Carbonic Acid (H2co3) |
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How does iron bacteria contribute to the corrosion process?
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It converts ferrous (dissolved) iron into ferric hydroxide precipitate, and deposits rust on our in the slime sheaths surrounding the cell.
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When conducting the marble test, what measurements should be taken of the water before adding pulverized marble? How do you read the results?
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Measure the PH, alkalinity and hardness BEFORE and AFTER the addition of marble. Decrease in all three valves means supersaturation; Increase means water was under treated. No change is good (saturated).
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What is another indication of corrosive waters besides chemical tests on the water?
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Increasing number of leaks in the distribution system and customers are complaining of dirty water or red water.
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What should be done if more then a minimum number of rusty or red water complaints are received?
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They should be plotted on a map of the system.
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What is it called when materiel is decomposed by the passage of an exterior source of D.C. electric current?
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Electrolysis
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What is a electrochemical reaction?
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It is a chemical reaction where the flow of electric current itself is an essential part of the reaction.
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What kind of corrosion in potable water is always of an electrochemical reaction?
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Metallic (metal) corrosion
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What has been specifically identified by the U.S E.P.A as being highly toxic to the consumer in 1991?
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Copper and Lead
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When taking samples for dissolved oxygen, what should always be avoided?
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Exposing the sample to air.
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What is a common source of lead in plumbing fixture?
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Copper tubing with soldered fittings.
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What is the chemical name, common name, and chemical symbol for the least expensive chemical to achieve calcium carbonation?
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Chemical name: Calcium Oxide
Common name: Quicklime Chemical symbol: CaO *Hydrated Lime is slightly more costly then unsalted lime* |
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What does the lead and copper rule, 1991 state the action level for lead and copper should be?
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Lead Copper 1991 Action Level
0.015 mg/L (Copper) ---------------------- 1.3 mg/L (Lead) |
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What should be done if a person ingest a large amount of fluoride?
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Give the person large quantities of water to dilute the acid. Do NOT induce vomiting.
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<TREATMENT> What should be done in the case of taste and odors increase because of increased algae populations?
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Attempt to improve coagulation flocculation sedimentation to produce large filter runs.
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What is the (mcL) for fluoride in water?
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4.0 mg/L
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What is the formula to determine the dosage of PAC in either pounds/gallons or pounds/mg?
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Desired PAC, (PAC core, mg/L [3.785 L/g] lbs/gal = 1000 mg/gm) 454 gm (lbs)
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Why must Permanganate Storage facilities be dry and well ventilated?
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Moisture in the atmosphere can cause calking of the material,this will cause the feeder to clog and prevent accurate delivery of the KmnO4.
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What is one of the most common techniques used to measure odor in water?
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Threshold Odor Test.
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What should be done if significant over feeding of floride occurs?
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Plant should be shut down, the effluent should be flushed, and local and state health Dept. notified.
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Exceeding what level of fluoride in water will cause mottling if the teeth to occur?
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1.5 mg/L
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What type of sodium fluoride should be fed with a saturater?
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Only crystal grade (20 to 60 mesh)
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List three important design features of fluoridation system?
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Must incorporate means to prevent both overfeeding and back. Siphonage along with means to monitor that amount of chemical used.
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Where should fluoride be added to the water?
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AFTER filtration, BEFORE the clear well, the least possible removal of fluoride by other chemicals.
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Why is sodium silize fluoride not recommended to feed through the saturater?
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Because of its low solubility in water.
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What is one of the most corrosive chemicals found in a water plant?
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Fluoride Acid.
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How can the nutrient levels in a water supply be increased?
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Natural conditions of Human activity in the water shed.
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when dissolved oxygen levels in water exceed normal saturation levels, this condition is known as what?
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Supersaturation
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How would an operator prevent tastes and odors from over developing?
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Control of algae and other microorganisms in source waters and treatment plants.
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What are TWO general ways in which microbial populations can contribute to unpleasant tastes and odors in water?
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1) Production Of metabolize by products.
2) Release of cellular materials. |
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What are unique considerations for granular activated carbon filtration compared with other typical water treatment filters?
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(EBCT) Empty Bed Conent Time and Regeneration interval of the carbon.
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The primary purpose of fish screens,trash racks, log stops, and other protective facilities, is to protect what?
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Entry of forien material and fish into the intake sysyem.
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How does drinking water regulations define the type of population served by the system?
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community / non-community
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what should you do if a costumer complains?
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Record all the information and have the complaint thoroughly investigated.
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What is an aquifer?
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A natural under-ground layer of porous water. Bearing materials such as sand, gravel, and silica. Yielding a large amount of water..
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What may happen if excessive amounts of water is removed from an aquifer?
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The soil my settle and cause compaction of the aquifer. Which, results in closing of the pores. Through which water moves.
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What might cause color in water?
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(NOM) natural organic material, from decaying vegetation and cerain organic materials.
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what is the purpose of the water treatment plant?
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To produce safe and pleasant drinking water. This water must be free of disease causing substances.
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Why should a water operator be present when a new plant is being constructed?
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To be completely familiar with the plant lay-out. Including, the complete piping lay out and equipment
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To be suitable for human use water should be free from impurities which are offensive to what senses?
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Sight, smell, and, taste.
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In any given body of water, blooms of various types of algae can occur several times during a season depending on what?
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What algae is present and conditions are right for the algae to grow
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What problems can algae cause on filters?
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Certain species of algae can clog filters and an there by reduce filtration rates
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What is the most important function of a well designed laboratory and monitoring program?
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Record keeping
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What does hydro-pneumatic pressure tank successfully maintain in a well pump?
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pressure throughout the line.
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Why shouldn't calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite be stored together?
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Extreme heat or fire may cause a explosion.
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What is the porous material just above the water table that may hold the water by capillarity in the smaller void spaces?
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Capillary fringe.
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A pump installed in the well, with a pump bowl submerge below the pumping level in the well is generally called what?
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Deep well pump
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Good treatment plants consistently obtain finished water turbidity levels of what?
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0.05 to 0.3
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What type of distribution system has the most dead ends?
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Branching system
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The name for pumping of water from the ground water basin or aquifer in excess of the supply flowing into a basin, this results in a depletion or mining of the ground water.
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Overdraft
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