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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an air mass?
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Large body of air w/ uniform temperature & mosture conditions in a horizontal plane
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What are air masses named according to?
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Moisture content, location, and temperature
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What are the four northern hemisphere air mass source regions?
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Arctic, Polar, Tropical and Equitorial
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What is the source and latitude for "A" air masses?
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Arctic: 60-90 degrees N
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What is the source and latitude for "P" air masses?
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Polar: 40-60 degrees N
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What is the source and latitude for "T" air masses?
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Tropical: South of 30 degrees N
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What is the source and latitude for "E" air masses?
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Equitorial: +/- 10 degrees of equator
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Can the 'source region' for air mass source regions change when the mass leaves the initial region?
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No
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What indicates the stability of an air mass?
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Temperature
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What is the stability of warm and cold air masses?
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Stable and Unstable, respectively
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What are the air mass source regions (surface)?
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Maritime (m) and Continental (c)
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What is the moisture content of a Maritime airmass?
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High
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What is the moisture content of a Continental airmass?
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Low
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What are the 6 types of source regions / surfaces used for air mass symbology?
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Continental Arctic, Continental Polar, Maritime Polar, maritime Tropical, Continental Tropical, Equitorial
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What is a surface front?
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Point where a front comes in contact with the ground
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How is a cold front marked?
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Blue, Triangles on line
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How is a warm front marked?
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Red, Half circles on line
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How is an occluded front marked?
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Purple, Alternating Triangles and Half Circles, same side of line
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How is a stationary front marked?
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Blue and Red, Alternating Triangles and Half Circles, alternating side of line
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How is a trough marked?
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Brown or Black, dotted line
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How is a ridge marked?
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Yellow or Black, zig-zag line
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How is a squall line marked?
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Purple, alternating long dash w/ two short dashes
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How high do front characteristics extend (typical and max)?
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15,000 to 20,000 feet / sometimes as high as tropopause
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Which front moves faster, cold or warm?
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Cold
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How does wind direction experienced change across a front?
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Counter-clockwise
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How must heading change when flying across a front to maintain ground track?
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Adjust heading to the right
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What is the pressure surrounding a front?
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Trough of low pressure
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What are the 4 differences used to classify fronts?
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TDWP - Temperature, dew point (moisture), winds, and pressure
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What is the severity of clouds and precipitation occuring along a front dependent upon?
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Moisture, stability (primary two) plus: slope, speed, contrast in temperature and moisture
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What type of precipitation & stability is found with stratiform clouds?
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steady precipitation and little turbulence
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What type of precipitation/stability is found with cumuliform clouds?
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Showery and turbulence
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What are the general slopes of warm and cold fronts?
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Shallow and steep
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What is a cold front?
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Leading edge of an advancing cold air mass, overtaking and wedging underneath a warmer air mass
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What can cold fronts pruduce?
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Violent and unstable conditions including thunderstorms (cumulonimbus clouds) and severe turbulence
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What is the speed, direction and wind shift of cold fronts?
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20 kts, twds SE, SW to NW wind shift
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What indicates the approach of a cold front?
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Decreasing pressure, altocumulus clouds, lower clouds, rain/snow shower, cumulonimbus clouds
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What indicates the recession of a cold front?
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Rapidly clearing skies, cumulus clouds, decreasing temperature and dew point
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What may form near a cold front?
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Cumuliform clouds, showers, thunderstorms
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What may form well ahead of a cold front?
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Fast-moving thunderstorms and squall lines
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How can you recognize cold fronts over flat terrain?
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Long line of cumuliform clouds on horizon
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What happens to the identification of cold fronts when flying high?
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Lower frontal clouds are often hidden if above an altocumulus layer
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What happens to the identification of cold fronts when flying low?
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Stratus or stratocumulus decks extending miles ahead of a front may conceal the main clouds
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What are common cold front flight problems?
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Wind shift (generally SW to NW); low ceiling/vis (esp slow moving fronts); turbulence; precipitation/icing; thunderstorms/squall lines
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What is a squall line?
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Line of violent thunderstorms, generally 50-300 miles ahead & parallel of a cold front
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What are characteristics of squall lines in terms of spacing and wind shift?
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Close together w/ 90 degree wind shift from SW to NW
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What is a warm front?
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Advancing warm air mass overtaking a colder air mass
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How far does the cloud system extend ahead of a warm front?
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500-700 miles
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What is the speed, direction and wind shift of warm fronts?
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15 kts, twds NE, SE to SW wind shift
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What is the most common cloud found along a warm front?
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stratiform
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What is the sequence of clouds approaching a warm front from the east?
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Cirrus, cirrostratus, altostratus, nibostratus, stratus, rain and fog
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What precipitation is associated with a warm front?
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Stead precipitation increasing with approach, ending upon passing
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What are common warm front flight problems?
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Wind shift (generally SE to SW); low ceilings/vis; occasional turbulence and thunderstorms (embedded); precipitation and icing
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What is the wind shift of a stationary front?
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180 degrees from any direction
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What is an occluded front?
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Cold front overtakes a slower warm front
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What are the two types of occluded fronts and what does it depend on?
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cold and warm; depends on which front ramains in contact with the ground
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What is the speed, direction and wind shift of warm occluded fronts?
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15 kts, twds NE, SE to NW wind shift
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What is the speed, direction and wind shift of cold occluded fronts?
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20 kts, twds NE, SE to NW wind shift
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What is the wind shift of an occluded front?
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180 degrees
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What is the weather associated with an occluded front (ahead and behind)?
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Ahead - warm front ahead; Behind - cold front behind
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