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91 Cards in this Set
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Agnosticism
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Literally meaning "not know"; a position asserting that the existence of God cannot be proven.
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Animism
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From the Latin anima, meaning "spirit," "soul," "life force"; a worldview common among oral religions (religions with no written scriptures) that sees all elements of nature as being filled with spirit or spirits.
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Atheism
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Literally meaning "not God"; a position asserting that there is no God or gods.
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Deconstruction
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A technique, pioneered by Jacques Derrida, that sets aside ordinary categories of analysis and makes use, instead, of unexpected perspectives on cultural elements; it can be used for finding underlying values in a text, film, artwork, cultural practice, or religious phenomenon.
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Dualism
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The belief that reality is made of two different principles (spirit and matter); the belief in two gods (good and evil) in conflict.
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Immanent
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Existing and operating within nature.
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Monotheism
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The belief in one God.
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Nontheism
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A position that is unconcerned with the supernatural, not asserting or denying the existence of any deity.
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Pantheism
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The belief that everything in the universe is divine.
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Polytheism
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The belief in many gods.
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Post-structuralism
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An analytical approach that does not seek to find universal structures that might underlie language, religion, art, or other such significant areas, but focuses instead on observing carefully the individual elements in cultural phenomena
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Structuralism
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An analytical approach that looks for universal structures that underlie language, mental processes, mythology, kinship, and religions; this approach sees human activity as largely determined by such underlying structures.
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Transcendent
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"Climbing beyond" (Latin); beyond time and space.
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Calumet
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A long-stemmed sacred pipe used primarily by many native peoples of North America; it is smoked as a token of peace.
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Divination
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A foretelling of the future or a look into the past; a discovery of the unknown by magic means.
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Holistic
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Organic, integrated; indicating a complete system, greater than the sum of its parts; here, refers to a culture whose various elements (art, music, social behavior) may all have religious meanings.
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Libation
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The act of pouring a liquid as an offering to a god.
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Shaman
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A human being who contacts and attempts to manipulate the power of spirits for the tribe or group.
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Sympathetic magic
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An attempt to influence the outcome of an event through an action that has an apparent similarity to the desired result - for example, throwing water into the air to produce rain, or burning an enemy's fingernail clippings to bring sickness to that enemy.
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Taboo
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A strong social prohibition (Tongan: tabu; Hawaiian: kapu).
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Totem
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An animal (or image of an animal) that is considered to be related by blood to a family or clan and is its guardian or symbol.
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Ahmisa
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"Nonharm," "nonviolence."
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Ashram
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A spiritual community
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Atman
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The spiritual essence of all individual human beings
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Avatar
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An earthly embodiment of a deity.
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Bhagavad Gita
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A religious literary work about Krishna
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Bhakti
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Devotion to a deity or guru.
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Bhakti yoga
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The spiritual discipline of devotion to a deity or guru.
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Brahma
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God of creation.
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Brahman
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The spiritual essence of the universe.
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Brahmin
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Member of the priestly caste.
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Caste
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One of the major social classes sanctioned by Hinduism
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Devi
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"Goddess"; the Divine Feminine, also called the Great Mother.
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Dhyana
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Meditation
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Durga
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"Awe-inspiring," "distant"; a mother-goddess, a form of Devi.
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Guru
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A spiritual teacher.
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Hatha yoga
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The spiritual discipline of postures and bodily exercises.
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Jnana yoga
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The spiritual discipline of knowledge and insight.
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Kali
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"Dark," a form of Devi; a goddess associated with destruction and rebirth.
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Karma
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The moral law of cause and effect that determines the direction of rebirth
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Karma yoga
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The spiritual discipline of selfless action.
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Krishna
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A god associated with divine playfulness; a form of Vishnu.
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Kundalini yoga
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A form of raja yoga that envisions the individual's energy as a force that is capable of being raised from the center of the body to the head, producing a state of joy.
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Mantra
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A short sacred phrase, often chanted or used in meditation.
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Maya
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"Illusion"; what keeps us from seeing reality correctly; the world, viewed inadequately.
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Moksha
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“Liberation” from personal limitation, egotism, and rebirth.
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Monism
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The philosophical position that all apparently separate realities are ultimately one; the belief that God and the universe are the same, that the universe is divine.
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Puja
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Offerings and ritual in honor of a deity.
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Raja yoga
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The "royal" discipline of meditation.
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Rama
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A god and mythical king; a form of Vishnu.
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Samadhi
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A state of complete inner peace resulting from meditation.
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Samsara
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The everyday world of change and suffering leading to rebirth.
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Sannyasin
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A wandering holy man
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Shiva
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A god associated with destruction and rebirth.
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Trimurti
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"Three forms" of the divine - the three gods Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva.
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Upanishads
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Written meditations on the spiritual essence of the universe and the self.
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Vedas
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Four collections of ancient prayers and rituals.
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Vishnu
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A god associated with preservation and love.
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Yoga
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A spiritual discipline; a method for perfecting one's union with the divine.
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The second-ranking caste consisted of
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nobles and warriors.
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The earliest sacred texts of Hinduism are the
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Vedas
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Vedic religion was
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patriarchal and polytheistic.
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One of the qualities seen in the Brahman nature is
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joy or bliss.
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A god associated with divine playfulness; a form of Vishnu.
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Krishna
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A wandering holy man.
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kshatriya
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The spiritual essence of all individual human beings.
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Atman
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A bias against the study of indigenous religions up until the twentieth century was
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the assumption that they are not complex.
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Sacred time is
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cyclical, returning to its origins for renewal.
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Indigenous religions make little distinction between...
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a god and an ancestor.
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The Native American vision quest is an example of
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a rite of passage.
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Taboos that have been broken are often mended through
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Sacrifices
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A place where one can sometimes escape punishment is
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a sanctuary.
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In Hawaii, the goddess of fire, whose place of veneration is the volcano.
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Pele
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An indigenous tradition in New Zealand.
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Maori
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Hawaiian term meaning "taboo" or "forbidden."
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kapu
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A native tradition in Africa.
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Yoruba
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A visionary of the Oglala Sioux who, in his dictated autobiography, claims that there is no strong distinction between the human and animal worlds but rather a sense of kinship.
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Black Elk
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Literally "eye-movement," the traditional Hawaiian observance of the four-month winter period, which refers to the appearance and movement of stars.
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Makahiki
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The name given by the Koyukon people of the Arctic to the holy ancient past in which the gods lived and worked.
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Distant time
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Traditional Dogon religion.
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Omolobulo
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The year Popay (Popé), a Pueblo native religious leader, led a revolt against religious oppression.
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1680
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The word religion is usually interpreted by scholars to mean
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reconnecting.
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A state of original purity, a battle to fight disorder, a sacrificial death are examples of
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symbolic stories of transformation.
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One of the three orientations of religions, focusing on rituals and ceremonies as the path to salvation.
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sacramental
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The orientation that stresses contact with the sacred by proper belief and by adherence to moral rules.
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prophetic
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Religions that are inclusive frequently
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admit many types of beliefs and practices and stress social harmony.
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The female divine is sometimes symbolized by
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eggs and spirals.
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This common approach to religion stresses following reason rather than religious authority and tries to fit answers into a systematic whole.
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philosophy
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Nineteenth- and twentieth-century English anthropologist who saw religion as being rooted in worship of ancestors and nature spirits.
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E.B. Tylor
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Scottish anthropologist and author of "The Golden Bough" who saw the origins of religion in early attempts by human beings to influence nature and who identified religion as an intermediate stage between magic and science.
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James Frazer
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German theologian who argued in "The Idea of the Holy" that religions emerge when people experience that aspect of reality which is essentially mysterious.
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Rudolf Otto
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