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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells?
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Type 1 are involved in gasoues exchange, type 2 secrete surfactant
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What are pores of Kohn?
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Join alveoli
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What are the FIVE functions of the lung?
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- gaseous exchange
- conversion of angiotensin to angiotensin II (ACE) - conversion of lipoxygenases to leukotrienes - conversion of arachadonic acid to prostaglandins (COX) - uptake of norepinephrine and histamine - release of heparin |
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What are the THREE openings in the diaphragm?
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- aorta/azygous vein/thoracic duct
- caval foramen (vena cava) - oesophageal hiatus |
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What innervates the diaphragm?
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Phrenic nerves, arising from C3-C5 roots
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What is pulmonary surfactant?
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Phospholipid, secreted by type 2 alveolar cells
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What FOUR receptor types control respiration? Where are they located?
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Central chemoreceptors - pons + medulla (acidity of CSF reflects pCO2)
Peripheral chemoreceptors - aotric + carotid bodies Pulmonary stretch receptors Irritant receptors (don't know where!) |
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What is the Bohr effect?
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Increased HbO2 dissociation in the presence of increased pCO2
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What is the Haldane effect?
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Displacement of CO2 at lungs (Hb+O2 -> H+, causing HCO3- to dissociate into H2O and CO2)
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What equation links arterial blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and cardiac output?
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Arterial blood pressure - right atrial pressure = total peripheral resistance x cardiac output
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What TWO things cause inspiratory distress?
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Extrathoracic non-fixed airway obstruction
Limit to lung expansion |
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What causes expiratory distress?
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Intrathoracic airway obstruction
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What causes inspiratory and expiratory distress?
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Extrathoracic fixed airway obstruction
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What is orthopnea?
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Difficulty breathing while recumbent
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What causes alveolar emphysema?
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Bronchial obstruction (e.g. RAO)
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What causes interstitial emphysema? What is the risk?
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Forced inspiration
May progress to subcutaneous emphysema |
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What are the FOUR possible causes of pulmonary oedema?
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Cardiogenic (high venous pressure)
Neurogenic (excessive sympathetic stimulation increases pulmonary hydrostatic pressure) Volume overload Endothelial damage |
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What is bronchiectasis?
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Permanent bronchial dilation due to irreversible wall damage
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What TWO toxins cause interstitial pneumonia?
What is the resultant condition called? |
Paraquat (weedkiller)
Tryptophan (lush autumn grass) Causes fog fever (acute bovine pulmonary oedema) |
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Where is lung neoplasia most likely to occur?
What is a common sequel? |
Primary lung neoplasia tends to arise at the hilar region
Marie's disease (hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy) is periosteal thickening of long bones associated with space-occupying lung lesions. Causes pain and lameness |
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What organism causes kennel cough?
What type of organism is it? |
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Slow-growing opportunistic Gram negative rod anaerobe |
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What type of organism is Pasteurella multocida?
What disease does it cause, and how is this usually acquired? |
Gram negative rod
Causes suppurative pneumonia and pleuritis (rabbit snuffles) Often acquired following cat bites |
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What type of organism is Actinomyces viscosus?
What type of disease does it cause? |
Grame positive branching filamentous aerobe (don't mistake for fungus!)
Causes granulomatous thoracic and skin infection |
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If thoracic granulomas with red-brown exudate and 'sulphur granules' are seen, what is the likely causative organism?
How does the disease occur? |
Nocardia (Gram positive rods)
Found in soil, grows within macrophages |
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What type of organism is Chlamydophila felis?
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Gram negative rod
Affects cats, not dogs |
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Name THREE fungal causes of respiratory infection and the type of diseases they cause?
Where is each organism found? |
Blastomyces: pyogranulomatous pneumonia and formation of multinucleate giant cells in dogs and horses. Africa/east USA
Hisoplasma: systemic granulomatous disease. Bird droppings in USA/Europe Cryptococcus: cat nasal granulomas and neurological disease. Found in UK (capsulated yeast) |
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How wide should the normal mediastinum be?
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Less than twice the width of the vertebral bodies
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What are the names of the diaphragmatic borders seen radiographically?
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Crus laterodorsally
Cupula cranioventrally |
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A yorkie presents with a quacking/honking/clicking/ slapping cough. What does it probably have?
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Tracheal collapse
Graded 1 (mild) to 4 (severe) |
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Name the THREE types of lungworm that may affect dogs. Where are their predilection sites?
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Dirofilaria immitus - peripheral
Filaroides (Oslerus) osleri - tracheal bifurcation Angiostrongylus vasorum - pulmonary vasculature |
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What lungworm affects cats?
How is it treated? |
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
10-14d fenbendazole or 1-off ivermectin |
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What are the THREE mainstays of feline asthma treatment?
What should always be done before treatment commences? |
Corticosteroids, bronchodilators, antihistamines
ALWAYS rule out feline lungworm before starting treatment (Aelurostrongylus abstrusus) - causes radiographically visible lung nodules and larvae seen in faeces |
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What THREE organisms are implicated in cat 'flu?
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Chlamydia psittaci
Bordatella bronchiseptica Mycoplasma spp |
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Name SIX ways of controlling chylothorax
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Low fat diet
Switch to medium-chain triglycerides in diet (absorbed by capillaries not lymphatics) Rutin Ligation of thoracic duct Create alternative drainage route Pleurodiesis |
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What FOUR organisms contribute to the development of laryngeal condritis?
Outline treatment and prognosis |
Mannheimia haemolytica, Mycoplasma, adenovirusand parainfluenza virus (i.e. causative agents of enzootic pneumonia)
Tx is oxytetracycline. Px poor by onset of clinical signs |
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What should lambs be vaccinated against? When?
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Combined pneumonia and clostridial vaccine.
Vaccinate ewes 2-6 weeks before parturition and boost lambs at 3-5 weeks old |
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What causes husk?
Describe the aetiology How is it diagnosed? |
Dictyocaulus vivparus (trichostrongyle)
Spread onto pasture in Pilobolus fungi, L3 are ingested and live in the trachea. Following infection strong immunity develops and reinfection leads to parasitic granulomata and eosinophilic plug formation Dx Baermann technique |
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Name THREE common lungworms of goats and sheep.
How are they transmitted? How are they controlled? |
Dictyocaulus filaria (transmitted by Pilobolus fungi on pasture)
Muellerius capillaris (intermediate host mollusc) Protostrongylus (intermediate host mollusc) All very common and low pathogenicity - not routinely treated |
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What lungworm affects pigs?
What is the lifecycle? |
Metastrongylus spp.
Earthworm intermediate host May cause severe lung damage but immunity rapidly develops |
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What are the SIX components of Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome?
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Stenotic nares
Long soft palate Lateral laryngeal ventricle eversion Laryngeal collapse Tracheal hypoplasia Epiglottic scrolling |
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Describe the rationale behind a tie-back procedure
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Left arytenoid is sutured to cricoid to mimic the function of the cricoarytenoid muscle
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You suspect a lung lobe torsion - which lobes are you most worried about?
What is your patient? What underlying condition do you suspect? |
Right middle and cranial lobes
A large deep-chested dog Chylothorax |
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How should a congenital peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia be managed?
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If found in a young animal surgically repair at first opportunity to prevent adhesion formation
If found in an adult manage conservatively |
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What are the FOUR stages of surgical repair of oesophageal hiatal hernia?
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Replace viscera
Close defect 4 x oesophagopexy sutures Belt-loop gastric fundopexy |
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What portal is best for sinoscopy? Which sinuses can be viewed?
What other option is there? |
Frontal portal (60% from midline to medial canthus, 0.5cm caudal)
Conchofrontal, caudal maxillary and sphenopalatine sinuses Can view rostral maxillary/ventral conchal sinus via rostral maxillary portal but risk tooth damage |
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What are THREE possible aetiologies of dorsal displacement of the soft palate?
How is it diagnosed? |
Neuropathy
Lower airway disease Lack of cardiovascular fitness Common in standing horses so best to diagnose dynamically |
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Suggest SIX surgical procedures to correct DDSP. Explain the rationale behind each
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Sternohyoid and sternothyroid Myectomy: reduce caudal retraction of larynx (increase respiratory impedance)
Staphylectomy: shorten palate and scar to prevent displacement Pharygoplasty: scar Soft palate cautery: scar Epiglottic augmentation: inject teflon to stiffen epiglottis Tie-forward: suture thyroid cartilage to stylohyoid bone |
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What causes epiglottic entrapment? How is it treated?
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The epiglottis becomes entrapped by the aryepiglottic fold.
Tx is surgical division |
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How is laryngeal hemiplegia graded in the horse?
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Grade 1 - normal function
Grade 2 - asymmetry but full abduction can be achieved and maintained Grade 3 - full abduction can be achieved but not maintained Grade 4 - total immobility of arytenoid |
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Give FOUR possible treatments for laryngeal hemiplegia in the horse
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Tie-back
Ventriculectomy (Hobday) Arytenoidectomy Neuromuscular pedicle graft (attempt to re-innervate cricoarytenoid, low success) |
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What are the THREE components of fourth branchial arch defect?
What is the treatment and prognosis? |
Right laryngeal paralysis
Rostral displacement of palatopharyngeal arch (dynamic laryngeal dysfunction) Cricopharyngeal mucous membrane dysplasia There is no treatment. Prognosis poor |
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Name FOUR respiratory viruses of pigs
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Swine influenza
PRRS PRCV (porcine respiratory coronavirus) Inclusion body rhinitis (porcine cytomegalovirus/porcine herpesvirus-2) |
