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54 Cards in this Set

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In the nerve systems, what does "special" refer to?
Cranial nerves
What are SSA? Where are they located? What stimulates them? What cranial nerves are involved?
Special Somatic Afferent (SSA)

Specialized receptor organs deep to the body surface but stimulated by changes in the external environment

Light to the eye (CN II) – vision
Air waves to inner ear (CN VIII) – sound
What are SVA? Where are they located? What stimulates them? What cranial nerves are involved?
Special Visceral Afferent (SVA)

Receptor organs in specialized viscera of the body and stimulated by changes in internal environment

In the tongue (CN VII, IX, X) – taste
Caudal nasal mucosa (CN I) – olfaction
What are the general proprioception receptor organs? In what nerves are the general proprioception fibers present?
Receptor organs are muscles, tendons, and joints deep to the body surface

GP fibers are present in all spinal nerves and CN V
What are the special proprioception receptor organs? Where are the fibers located? In what nerves are the special proprioception fibers present?
Receptors are specialized to positions and movements of head
SP fibers are located in membranous labyrinth of inner ear
Vestibular division of CN VIII
What nerves comprise the parasympathetic innervation to the head?
CN III, VII, IX, X
Where is the post-ganglionic nerve cell body of the oculomotor n. located? What organs does this nerve innervate?
The ciliary ganglion.

Ciliary m., sphincter pupillae m.
Where is the post-ganglionic nerve cell body of the facial n. located? What organs does this nerve innervate?
Ptrerygopalatine ganglion and mandibular and sublingual ganglia

Lacrimal and nasal glands
From pterygopalatine ganglion: Palatine glands

From mandibular and sublingual ganglia: Mandibular and sublingual salivary glands
Where is the post-ganglionic nerve cell body of the parasympathetic fibers in glossopharyngeal n. located? What organs do these parasympthetic fibers innervate?
The otic ganglion.

Zygomatic and parotid salivary glands
Where is the post-ganglionic nerve cell body of the vagus n. located? What organs does this nerve innervate?
The myenteric and submucosal ganglia

Cardiac m.
Smooth m.
Glands of respiratory and digestive systems
What is the dysfunction of CNI?

Clinically, how do you test for function of CNI?
Anosmia - absence of sense of smell.

To test: Wave a cotton ball of alcohol in front of their nose and gauge reaction.

Want to make sure that you aren't using something like kibble that they might just see and react to.
What is CNII dysfunction?

Clinically, how do you test for function of CNII?
Anopia - blindness

Menace response, or have patients follow an object, but not an object that they might key in due to smell or sound. Direct and consensual light reflexes.
What are the dysfunctions for CNIII?

Clinically, how do you test for function of CNIII?
Dysfunction of GSE skeletal motor function: lateral strabismus due to pull of the lateral rectus m. and ptosis (drooping of the superior palpebra)

Dysfunction of GVE intrinsic smooth muscle function (parasympathetic motor function): mydriasis (dilation of the pupil) and cyclopegia (paralysis of accommodation)

Direct and consensual light reflexes.
What are the three divisions of trigeminal and what are their classifications?
Ophthalmic n.
Sensory (GSA)

Maxillary n.
Sensory (GSA)

Mandibular n.
Sensory (GSA, GP)
Motor (GSE - SVE)
What hitches a ride with (but are not a part of) the distal branches of maxillary n.?
Distal brs. carry postganglionic parasympathetic axons that innervate the lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands
What nerve courses through the sphenopalatine foramen?

What about through the caudal palatine foramen?
The caudal nasal n. courses through sphenopalatine foramen, and major palatine courses through caudal palatine foramen.
What are the caudal, middle, and rostral superior alveolar brs. of infraorbital n. of maxillary n. sensory to?
Caudal superior alveolar brs. sensory to the caudal maxillary cheek teeth

Middle superior alveolar brs. sensory to the maxillary cheek teeth

Rostral superior alveolar brs. sensory to the upper canine and incisor teeth
What supplies sensory innervation to the skin of the upper lip and nose?
Infraorbital brs of infraorbital n. of maxillary n.
What are the sensory branches of the mandibular nerve?

What are they sensory to?
Buccal n.
Sensory to the buccal mucosa and skin of the cheek

Lingual n.
Sensory (touch, pressure and pain) to the rostral 2/3 of the tongue
What branch of mandibular nerve does a branch of facial nerve hitch a ride with? What is the branch of facial nerve providing sensation to?
Chorda tympani of facial n. joins lingual n. – carries sensory fibers for taste to same region of tongue
What are dysfunctions of the mandibular nerve? How do you test for this dysfunction?
Dysfunction:
Atrophy of masticatory muscles and lack of sensation from innervated areas

Test:
Open the mouth to test for muscular tone
What is the dysfunction of abducens nerve?
Medial strabismus due to pull of the medial rectus m.
What nerves does shining a light in the eye test?
CNII, because the optic nerve must be able to detect light

CNIII - constriction of the pupil
What are the three types of ganglia?

What type is the ciliary ganglion? What structures does it serve?
Sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic

The ciliary ganglion is parasympathetic. It serves the intrinsic eye mm.
What is the consensual reflex?
The reflex that results in the constriction of both pupils when shining light only in one. This is due to the decussation of the nerves
What is the nervous pathway for pupillary control?
Dilation of the eye is under sympathetic control, so the impulse must travel down CNII, down the spinal cord, out T1-T3 and then return up the vagosympathetic trunk to synapse at the cranial cervical ganglion to get to the pupillae muscle.
What are the dysfunctions of CNIV? What sort of animals is it difficult to evaluate in?
The dysfunction is that the eye rotates on the anterior/posterior axis so that the ventral part moves medially.

It is difficult to evaluate in animals with round pupils.
What is trigeminal nerve motor to? What is it sensory to?
Sensory for pain, temp, touch, and pressure from the skin of the face and mucous membranes of the head (GSA)

Motor to skeletal muscles of mastication from the 1st pharyngeal arch (GSE)
Where are the cell bodies located for CNV?
GSA cell bodies are located in the trigeminal ganglion and mesencephalic nucleus V.

GSE cell bodies arise from motor nucleus of V in pons.
What parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers course with ophthalmic nerve?
Lacrimal n. carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland from CNVII.

Nasociliary n. carries postganglionic sympathetic fibers to the smooth muscle of the eye.
What are the branches of ophthalmic nerve?
Frontal, Lacrimal and Nasociliary nn.
What is the dysfunction and tests for ophthalamic nerve?
The dysfunction is lack of sensation from the autonomous zones, and the tests are the palpebral and corneal reflex.
What is the palpebral reflex?

What nerves is it testing?
The palpebral reflex is touching the inner eyelid and looking for blinking. This tests the facial n to orbicularis oculi m. and ophthalamic n. (frontal and infratrochlear branches).
What is the corneal reflex?

What nerves is it testing?
This is touching the cornea to illicit blinking. This tests the facial n (orbicularis oculi m.) and the long ciliary nn. off of ophthalmic nerve.
What are the branches of zygomatic n. sensory to?
Zygomaticotemporal n. is sensory to the lateral superior palpebra and skin over the temporalis m. to the dorsal midline.

Zygomaticofacial n. is sensory to the inferior palpebra and skin overlying the zygomatic arch.
What does the pterygopalatine n. branch off of?

What do its branches serve?
It is a branch from maxillary n.

The minor palatine n. is sensory to the soft palate.

The major palatine n. is sensory to the mucosa of the hard palate.

The caudal nasal n. is sensory to the nasal mucosa surrounding the ventral nasal meatus.
What is the dysfunction and test for maxillary nerve?
The dysfunction is lack of sensation from innervated areas.

The test is to place a foreign object into the nasal vestibule to result in reflex sneezing, or to pull on a sinus hair resulting in reflex facial twitching.
What is the mandibular nerve sensory to and motor to?
Sensory to the buccal cavity, rostral 2/3 of the tongue, inferior teeth, lower lip, chin and intermandibular area, lateral side of the face, and rostral aspect of the ear

Motor to muscles of mastication, mylohyoideus m., tensor tympani m., tensor veli palatini m.
In the mental nn. were cut, would it effect sensation to the teeth?
No
What nerves does the inferior alveolar n. give rise to?
The caudal, middle, and rostral alveolar nn. and mental nn.
What are the branches from auriculotemporal n? Where does this nerve originate?
Auriculotemporal n. is a branch of mandibular n. from trigeminal n.

It branches into rostral auricular brs. and transverse facial brs.
What is the cutaneous area of mandibular nerve?
The mandible, caudal face and rostral ear.
What are the autonomous zones of the branches of trigeminal n.?
Each branch has one.
What classification are the sensory nerves of the olfactory nerve?

What about from the optic nerve?
SVA

SSA
What structures is the optic nerve sensory to?

What structures does it travel to intercranially?
CNII is sensory for the rods and cones and nervous retina.

The right and left optic nerves travel through the optic canals, decussate at the optic chiasm and to the lateral geniculate nucleus and rostral colliculus.
What is the oculomotor nerve motor to? What classification does this nerve fall in?
Motor to extrinsic skeletal musculature of the eye (GSE) – medial rectus, ventral rectus, dorsal rectus, ventral oblique and levator palpebrae superioris mm.
The oculomotor nerve carries parasympathetic fibers with it - where are these fibers providing motor innvervation?
Parasympathetic motor (GVE) to the intrinsic smooth musculature of the eye (sphincter pupillae m. within the iris and ciliary mm. within the ciliary body) via the ciliary ganglion
What is the only cranial nerve to exit the dorsal surface of the brain stem?
The trochlear nerve.
What classification of nerves does the trochlear nerve fall in? What is it motor to?
GSE

It is motor to dorsal oblique m.
What are the proprioception branches of trigeminal nerve arising from?
These GP nerves arise from branchial arch mesenchyme.
What are the three divisions off of trigeminal nerve?

What are their classifications?
Ophthalmic n.
Sensory (GSA)

Maxillary n.
Sensory (GSA)

Mandibular n.
Sensory (GSA, GP)
Motor (GSE)
What is the ophthalmic nerve sensory to?
The palpebrae, eyeball, nasal mucosa and skin of the nose.
What is mylohyoid n. motor and sensory to?
Motor to the rostral belly of digastricus m.
Motor to mylohyoideus m.
Sensory to the lower lip and cheek and intermandibular area
Is mylohyoid n. a mixed nerve?
yes - it has both motor and sensory fibers.