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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the external and internal anatomy of the male genitalia?
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penis, scrotum, testicles, epididymis, and vas deferens
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What are considered accessory glandular structures?
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seminal vesicles, bulbourethral gland and prostate gland
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What structure forms the glans penis?
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the expanded cap of the corpus spongiosum. It is moulded on the rounded ends of the Corpora cavernosa penis.
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What is smegma?
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Sloughed off skin cells and sebaceous secretions accumulated under the foreskin
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What is the function of the cremaster muscle?
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Contracts or relaxes to keep testes at a constant temperature
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What are the structures that produce and provide transport for sperm?
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-- testes produce sperm
-- epididymis is where sperm mature -- sperm travel via the vas deferens thru inguinal canal to seminal vesicles -- the ejaculatory duct travels from seminal vesicles thru prostate to urethra |
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Why is the pH of Cowper's bulbourethral gland secretions important?
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Alkaline fluid from the gland counteracts the acid present in the male urethra and female vagina
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What is the approximate size of the normal prostate gland?
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2.5cm high and 4cm wide
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What sort of neurological controls (voluntary vs. involuntary) are present at the external and internal anal sphincters?
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External is voluntary and internal is involuntary
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Where are the testes located during fetal development?
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Within the abdomen
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Which sex is more likely to experience a urinary tract infection? Why?
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Females have a much shorter urethra coupled with close proximity of urinary meatus to vaginal and rectal openings resulting in much higher UTI (urinary tract infection)
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Which kidney condition is primarily a condition of children?
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Acute glomerulonephristis
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What does nocturia suggest?
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Prostatic enlargement or cystitis
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What is 'total hematuria' and what conditions cause it?
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Blood throughout all fractions of the voided urine, glomerulonephritis
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What does a yellow green urethral discharge suggest?
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Gonococcal infection
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What does the triad of urethritis, arthritis, and conjunctivitis suggest?
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Nongonoccocal urethritis (Rieter’s Syndrome)
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Which STD infection causes painful genital lesions?
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Herpes progentalis
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Which testicular masses pass light upon transillumination?
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Spermatocele and hydrocele
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What are three causes of erectile dysfunction?
The drug Viagra is used for which type of erectile dysfunction? |
Psychological, neurological, vascular, and testosterone deficiency.
Viagra treats vascular dysfunction. |
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What is a side effect of hydrochlorothiazide blood pressure medicine?
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Decreases GFR
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What is the purpose of 'double gloving' during the male genital examination?
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To perform genatalia and hernia exam then remove a set of gloves and perform rectal exam
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What is the difference in genital hair pattern in males vs. females?
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Female is triangular in shape, males have a diamond shape
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What is the difference between phimosis and paraphimosis?
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Phimosis: when foreskin is tight and difficult to retract
Paraphimosis: if tightened skin doesn’t easily return to extended position |
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What is the difference between epispadias and hypospadias?
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Epispadias: is a congenital defect of males in which the urethra opens on the upper surface (dorsum) of the penis
Hypospadias: is a congenital defect, primarily of males, in which the urethra opens on the underside (ventrum) of the penis |
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Why is it important to inspect the corona of the glans penis?
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Common site for penile carcinoma
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What is the normal consistency of the testicles?
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Firm with a smooth rubbery feel
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What is the significance of decreased pain sensation of the testicles?
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Danger signal for cancer
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Where is the epididymis located?
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Upper posterolateral surface of testis
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If a structure within the scrotum palpates as a 'bag of worms' what does this indicate?
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Varicocele (varicosity of the spermatic vein)
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What is the most common type of groin hernia in males? in females?
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Indirect inguinal hernias in males
femoral hernias in females |
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What is Sim's position?
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patient lie on their left side, left leg extended and right leg flexed used for rectal exams
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What is the third leading cause of cancer in either sex?
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Colorectal carcinoma
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According to Dr. Janet Travell, what low back condition is more common than a lumbar disc syndrome?
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Piriformis syndrome
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Which surface of the prostate gland is palpable via digital rectal examination?
How is this significant in relation to prostate cancer? |
Posterior wall, Most prostate cancer manifests here
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If the median sulcus of the prostate gland is not palpable, what does this suggest?
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prostatic enlargement
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What does asymmetrical enlargement of the prostate gland suggest?
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Cancer
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What are the size and consistency palpation findings for a normal prostate gland, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, and prostatic carcinoma.
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Normal -- nontender -- firm
Benign hyperplasia -- nontender enlargement -- rubbery Prostatitis -- tender enlargement -- boggy Prostatic cancer -- enlarged and irregular -- hard |
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Both jaundice and uremia cause yellowing of the skin. What visual examination finding will help you to differentiate these two conditions?
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Uremia: yellow brown coloring of skin but sclera is white
Jaundice: yellowing of skin with yellow sclera |
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In males, why does urinary tract infection become more common after age 50?
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Consequence of prostate dysfunction
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Which type of kidney stones are radiolucent and do not show up on a routine KUB x-ray? How are these stones visualized?
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Uric acid crystals are radiolucent use intravenous pyelogram (IVP) to visualize
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What are the nutritional measures used to prevent the formation of kidney stones?
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Magnesium and vitamin B6, drink 2+ qts of water per day, (lemons may help)
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What is the most likely cause of unilateral obstructive uropathy?
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Kidney stone
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In males, what causes bilateral obstructive uropathy?
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia
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What is the older terminology for nephritic syndrome?
In what age category is this condition most common? |
Acute glomerulonephitis
children |
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What type of infection usually causes nephritic syndrome?
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Streptococcal infections
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What is azotemia?
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accumulation in the blood of nitrogenous waste products (urea) that are usually excreted in the urine.
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What is the older terminology for chronic nephritic-proteinuric syndrome?
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Chronic glomerulonephritis
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What are the three most common causes of chronic kidney disease?
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Atherosclerosis, diabetes, and hypertension
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What does brown or rust colored urine indicate?
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Hematuria (blood in urine)
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What does foamy urine indicate?
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Proteinuria
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Why do some kidney diseases cause anemia?
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Some diseases are asymptomatic and hemouria isn’t found until a routine urinalysis is performed.
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What kidney condition is characterized by massive proteinuria (> 3.5 grams in 24 hours)?
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Nephrotic Syndrome
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What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?
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Diabetes
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Why does a patient with kidney disease manifest generalized edema?
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Loss of protein causes hypoalbuminemia which produces generalized edema
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List the three main causes of acute renal failure.
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Prerenal azotemia, Intrinsic renal damage, postrenal azotemia
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What is the difference between prerenal azotemia vs. postrenal azotemia?
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Prerenal azotemia: occurs with disorders having decreased renal perfusion, such as; hemorrhage, uncontrolled diarrhea, low caridac output
Postrenal azotemia: conditions that block urine outflow such as; obstruction of ureter or bladder |
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Acute glomerulonephritis manifests with the triad of __________, __________, and __________.
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hypertension
edema azotemia |
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What is the significance of itchy, dry skin, and a metallic taste in the mouth?
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Fluid depletion
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What kidney condition is inherited, affecting about one in 1,000 people?
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Polycystic kidney disease
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Up to 10% of individuals with this inherited condition have what associated abnormality, which is of concern to the chiropractor who may want to adjust their neck?
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Polycystic kidney disease has associated cerebral aneurysm
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Approximately how common is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in elderly males?
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Very common in males over 50 and 95% of men over 80
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What is the lab test used to assess function of the prostate gland?
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PSA
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What is the herb that has been found to be more effective than the drug Proscar in the treatment of BPH?
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Saw palmetto
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Which test has a higher predictive value in the detection of cancer: the PSA test or breast mammography?
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PSA
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Why are post menopausal women more at risk for stress incontinence?
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Atrophy of vaginal tissues
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What is overflow incontinence and what condition is it a danger signal for?
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Detrusor muscle is the external muscular layer of bladder when filled stretch of this muscle normally triggers synergistic relaxation of sphincter muscle. Diabetic neuroopathy, spinal cord injury, prostatic obstruction and some drugs interfere and cause overflow incontinence
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What is the medical term for impotence?
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Erectile dysfunction
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What is Peyronie's disease?
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Fibrotic hardening in the corpus cavernosum which causes deviated and painful erection
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What are the consequences of not correcting an undescended testicle?
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Infertility
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What is Klinefelter's syndrome?
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Very small testis (less than 2 cm long) w/normal firm consistency caused by XXY chromosomal inheritance
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What is the most common cause of orchitis?
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Inflammation of entire testicle m/c cause is mumps
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A fluid filled mass in the epididymis referred to as ____________________.
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Spermatocele
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What is the most common form of cancer in males age 20-34?
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Testicular cancer
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What is the most common form of scrotal hernia?
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Indirect inguinal hernias (60%)
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What is an indirect inguinal hernia?
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Hernia passes down inguinal canal and exits at external inguinal ring.
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What is a direct inguinal hernia?
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acquired form obesity or heavy lifting. Hernia does NOT pass thru inguinal canal, but exits “directly” thru external inguinal ring.
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What is a femoral hernia?
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Located in the inguinal region but is not an inguinal hernia. Occurs in obese multiparen women, Presents as a bulge lateral and inferior to the external inguinal ring, at site of femoral pulse.
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