On a horizontal occupational segregation, education is the first common cause that is stated widely in international studies e.g. published by the OECD, EU, and ILO (International Labour Organization), as the root of the problem. In many countries, women are still not equally treated and acknowledged in the educational system, which leads to further disadvantages and causes further reasons of the GPG e.g. low paid employment. However, in developed countries, where education is equally accessible for female and male residents, and women have even outpaced men in terms of graduating from tertiary education institutes (Blau and Kahn, 2007; European Commission, 2015b), the GPG remains on a slightly better level than in developing countries. Above
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Boll et al. (2016) agree on that statement with their findings from a further research on the 28 member states of the EU where commonly women show a higher appearance in the education, health, and social related sectors and show a rather rare appearance in the manual or construction sectors. Yet, the European Commission (2015c) observed that “even when the same level of experience and education is needed” (p.1) wage is lower than for male dominated sectors. In other words, a work placement with equal value for society and economy is paid less when it is occupied by women. Moreover, a study carried out in the U.S. revealed that even if women start to enter into male dominated labour market sectors, results in a decreasing average wage as men then start to enter the higher management positions, which are even less accessible for women (Miller, 2016). Regarding this, Sidani (2013) identified an interesting correlation between egalitarian societies and the chance for women to be promoted or to work in commonly male dominated work placements, such as mechanics. In addition, the earlier cited survey across European organisations revealed that 25.3% of the respondents see a source of inequality in the “prejudice…of preconceived ideas about the image and role of women and men” (European Commission, 2015, …show more content…
Another vicious circle begins as the tendency to return to a job on a part-time contract causes a large drop in wage. On the contrary, Boll (2009) reports that even if women return to the same job, with the same responsibilities, a gap remains throughout the rest of their working life (see Figure
Boll et al. (2016) agree on that statement with their findings from a further research on the 28 member states of the EU where commonly women show a higher appearance in the education, health, and social related sectors and show a rather rare appearance in the manual or construction sectors. Yet, the European Commission (2015c) observed that “even when the same level of experience and education is needed” (p.1) wage is lower than for male dominated sectors. In other words, a work placement with equal value for society and economy is paid less when it is occupied by women. Moreover, a study carried out in the U.S. revealed that even if women start to enter into male dominated labour market sectors, results in a decreasing average wage as men then start to enter the higher management positions, which are even less accessible for women (Miller, 2016). Regarding this, Sidani (2013) identified an interesting correlation between egalitarian societies and the chance for women to be promoted or to work in commonly male dominated work placements, such as mechanics. In addition, the earlier cited survey across European organisations revealed that 25.3% of the respondents see a source of inequality in the “prejudice…of preconceived ideas about the image and role of women and men” (European Commission, 2015, …show more content…
Another vicious circle begins as the tendency to return to a job on a part-time contract causes a large drop in wage. On the contrary, Boll (2009) reports that even if women return to the same job, with the same responsibilities, a gap remains throughout the rest of their working life (see Figure