Reduction involves increasing the number of carbon hydrogen bonds by adding hydrogen across a double or triple bond which results in an increase in electron density at the carbon atom. Organic functional groups containing double and triple bonds which undergo reduction are unsaturated. The reduction of the double bond by addition of hydrogen atoms results in the product being fully saturated. Metal hydride reducing agents that have different reactivities toward specific functional groups are commonly used in chemical reductions.…
I attended Department 95 and the patient was not there, but the reason the patient is being held involuntarily is for danger to self and danger to others. It started when he was having dreams that he had killed his family. He was convinced that the neighbors, teachers, everyone around him is trying to poison him. The patient was using illegal drugs such as hallucinogens but started using cannabis first. He was has been going on and off to a Psychiatric Facility for a few years and about 8 times.…
Fentanyl According to Susan Robertson, the drug fentanyl which is an opiate agonist, has been around since the 1960s and created by Dr. Paul Jansen. "The use of fentanyl as a pain reliever and anesthetic was quickly adopted in the medical setting. In the 1960s, the agent was introduced as an intravenous anesthetic under the brand name Sublimaze"(S.Robertson)pg.1. In the 90s fentanyl was turned into a patch which breaks down into the blood stream through a period of 72 hours.…
Most of patients are prescribed from the benzodiazepine (anxiolytic) category such as Xanax or Klonopin for tension relief, reduction of other somatic symptoms, and relaxation (butcher, 2008). Benzadiazepines were released in the early 1960s and are the most widely used class of anti-anxiety medications. They are widely used because they are beneficially and work fast to cure acute anxiety. Depending on the dosage being taken the help quell anxiety and at higher dosages they act as sleep-inducing agents and can be used to treat insomnia (Butcher, 2008). Unfortunately some of the side affects include psychological and physiological dependence.…
The issue is whether the Cleanflo was sent to the hospital is a drug or not within the meaning of 21 U.S.C § 321 (p) of the act. According to 21 U.S.C § 321 (p), the term new drug means “(a) any drug (except a new animal drug or an animal feed bearing or containing a new animal drug) the composition of which is such that such drug is not generally recognized, among experts qualified by scientific training and experience to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of drugs, as safe and effective for use under the conditions prescribed, recommended, or suggested in the labeling thereof, except that such a drug not so recognized shall not be deemed to be a “new drug” if at any time prior to June 25, 1938, it was subject to the Food and Drugs Act…
In angina, amlodipine increases blood flow to the heart muscle to relieve pain due to angina. (WHO, 2013). Amlodipine was discovered by a research team lead by Simon Campbell and created by the Pfizer Corporation. Amlodipine was introduced in the United State in 1992. Just two years after its discovery in 1994 the sale of amlodipine achieved a plateau of 2,000,000 new prescriptions per year (Davies et al, 2005).…
Are you in intense pain? If so, oxycontin is a prescription drug for you. Oxycodone is used to treat moderate to severe pain. Oxycontin is an opioid pain medication. Oxycontin was developed in Germany in 1916, but it wasn't brought to the U.S.in 1939 but it didn't become widely used until Perdue Pharma began manufacturing oxycodone in the U.S. in 1996.…
Once given there is no going back, the patient may have to deal with the side effects and/or the potentially detrimental effects on both the hepatic and renal systems. 5. Why should diazepam be avoided in the elderly? Diazepam should be avoided in the elderly population due to increased sensitivity to benzodiazepine and decreased metabolism of this long acting mediation.…
Generic Name: Dolophine (Metadol) Proprietary Name: Mathadone Classification: Narcotic Methadone: (Meth-a-dohn) a potent opioid; Conducted by mouth or injection to relive discomfort. Also helps with cough and to treat heroin dependence. (A.McFerran, 2011) For this assignment I chose to do Methadone.…
Levaquin, Cipro, and Avelox are very popular antibiotics prescribed to millions of people nationwide. They belong to a class of antibiotics known as Fluoroquinolones. However, these drugs and their manufacturers have recently come under heavy scrutiny. All three of these drugs are currently involved in an enormous class action lawsuit as a result of their debilitating side effects.…
This was because the actual active ingredient in methadone is a man-made chemical that still utilizes the brain’s morphine receptor while also blocking the natural receptor from identifying and utilizing natural opiates - the process is referred to as “synapsis.” Because this new drug allowed the policing of the actual neuron where opiates were broken down in the brain, this brought a new cutting edge theory to the process of treating chemical dependency. Just as Beccaria had developed the principle of classical crime theory,…
The article "The Role of Traumatic Event History in Non-medical Use of Prescription Drugs among a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Adolescents" hopes to address the problem of non-medical use of prescription drugs among teens and reduce risk. The purpose of the study was to identify risk factors to aid prevention of NMUPD in adolescents. In particular, the study seeks to use previous demographic and other substance use risk factors that correlate with lifetime non-medical prescription drug abuse in teens. The survey added to this by trying to see if mental health and a history of trauma could also be risk factors associated with NMUPD in teens (McCauley et al., 2009). The conclusion of the telephone survey in this study showed that…
The war on drugs dates back to the stone ages where people would drink the left overs from stone age pots. Four thousand years ago opium was discovered by the Sumerians and they began to use this drug as a spiritual ritual. In 2737 BC, a Chinese emperor discovered marijuana and it became known for medicinal purposes only but the people used it for personal use to get the feeling it gave them. Then about eight hundred years ago Mexicans began to use marijuana for religious reasons and soon after they began to pay miners for their work with the leaves from coca plant . During the 1700’s to 1900’s King George started persuading leaders of America to plant hemp seeds in hopes of growing a profitable textile and rope business.…
Thus, crime levels are reduced. It wasn’t until the 1960s that scientific advancements began to be made with methadone. In the early 1970s, methadone treatments began to expand and the government set in place regulations that would govern the use of the drug for addiction…
In the world of psychiatry nearly all drugs in use today were created between 1950 and 1969. It’s hard to imagine with so many drug commercials on TV revealing new and groundbreaking products, that the same products being advertised today were actually created based on chemistry performed more than 60 years ago (Klein, p.259, 2014). The reason behind this is simple. The creation of new drugs based on finding new molecular entities is extremely costly. For the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) to approve a new drug to market costs can exceed 5 billion dollars and can take as long as 15 years to satisfy the criteria for safe and effective (Marston, 2013).…