Naturalistic decision-making (NDM) is a process that interrogators use requiring dynamic situational awareness (SA) in time-pressured contexts to manage goals and future expectancies, multiple information flows such as ambiguous situational cues and responses from suspects, self-monitoring of biases, and consideration of optional tools in executing forward targeted action steps (Klein et al., 1991; Zimmerman, 2006). What makes NDM an especially challenging process in law enforcement is SLEIs are required to make decisions in the face of contradictory goals, expectancies, procedural mandates, and imperfect knowledge that sometimes confound one another. In contexts in which so much is unknown about suspects and case evidence, and pressure is put on to produce confessions and resolve cases quickly, SLEIs can be forced to spontaneously develop and use biased approaches containing predisposed preconceptions and stereotypes (Davis & Leo, 2014; Leo, Neufeld, Drizin, & Taslitzz,
Naturalistic decision-making (NDM) is a process that interrogators use requiring dynamic situational awareness (SA) in time-pressured contexts to manage goals and future expectancies, multiple information flows such as ambiguous situational cues and responses from suspects, self-monitoring of biases, and consideration of optional tools in executing forward targeted action steps (Klein et al., 1991; Zimmerman, 2006). What makes NDM an especially challenging process in law enforcement is SLEIs are required to make decisions in the face of contradictory goals, expectancies, procedural mandates, and imperfect knowledge that sometimes confound one another. In contexts in which so much is unknown about suspects and case evidence, and pressure is put on to produce confessions and resolve cases quickly, SLEIs can be forced to spontaneously develop and use biased approaches containing predisposed preconceptions and stereotypes (Davis & Leo, 2014; Leo, Neufeld, Drizin, & Taslitzz,