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What is the relationship between the size of an organism or structure and its SA to volume ratio?
The smaller the organism, the larger its SA to volume ratio
What are changes to body shape and developments of systems in larger organisms as adaptations to facilitate exchange?
As the ratio reduces, adaptions such as smaller ears, larger ears, pointed noses, and other similar variations
How do multicellular organisms exchange substances with the environment? Why?
They have exchange organisms and mass transport systems.
This is because diffusion is too slow as some cells are deep within the body and they have a small SA to volume ratio.
How do substances diffuse in single celled organisms?
Substances can diffuse directly in and out across the cell surface membrane
How do insects exchange gases?
Their trachea
How do trachea work?
-Air enters trachea through spiracles (pores on the surface)
-Oxygen travels down the concentration gradient towards the cells.
-Trachea break off into tracheoles and go to individual cells.
-CO2 moves from cells to spiracles to be released into the atmosphere.
How do insects get additional oxygen into muscles during flight?
Water enters from the cell membrane of muscle cells. Muscle cells then respire anaerobically to produce lactate and create a lower water potential causing water to enter. This draws in oxygen to the tracheoles closer to muscle cells so reduces the diffusion distance.
How do gases enter fish?
Counter current
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