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Ethics
is associated with morality, what is right and wrong, and conforming to the standards of conduct.
Psychological Harm to Participants
Embarrassment for people who are asked to reveal information about themselves, ex. sexual abuse.
Physical Harm to Participants
Biological Studies and DV studies
Issues of Privacy
Crime-mapping software
Psychological Harm to Participants Examples
1. Zimbardo's Simulated Prison Experiment:
Male undergraduate students assumed the roles of guards or prisoners in a mock prison at Stanford University
2. Humphrey's Tearoom Trade:
In 1970, the researchers studied homosexual behavior by pretending to be a "watch queen" of this behavior in public restrooms
Physical harm to Participants Examples
1. Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Study conducted between 1932 and 1972, in Tuskegee, Alabama, that included nearly 400 poor African American men with syphilis whose disease was allowed to progress without treatment
2. Guatemaian STD Study: Study conducted between 1946-1948, in which people in Guatemala were intentionally infected with STD's
Physical Harm to Others Examples
1. Latane and Darley Study: Staged crimes to find out the circumstances under which witnesses would or would not intervene.
2. Monahan and Associates (1993): 3 different groups at potential risk of physical harm in their research on violence: research subjects, researcher, other individuals
Guidelines for Ethical Research (6)
Most important ethical agreements that prevail in criminological and social research.
1. Voluntary Participation
2. Anonymity
3. Confidentiality
4. Deceiving Subjects
5. Debriefing
6. Legal Liability
Voluntary Participation
An agreed upon tenet of conducting research is that participation must be voluntary
However, while subjects may "volunteer" to participate they may be motivated by the belief they will personally benefit from their cooperation.
Anonymity with an examples
Researcher cannot associate information gathered from subjects with the identify of individual subjects
Examples Mail Survey - no identifying information
Web- based Survey - no login/ Id
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