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hydrophilic
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water loving
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dehydration
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formation of macromolecules via dehydration synthesis.
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the 6 major types of lipids
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fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, glycolipids, steroids, terpenes.
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phospholipids
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glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group. Amphipathic and used to build membranes.
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triglycerides
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glycerol backbone connected to 3 fatty acids. Stores energy, provides thermal insulation and padding.
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steroids
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Type of lipid. Four ringed. Regulates metabolic activities.
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Number of essential amino acids
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10
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tertiary structure
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bending of peptide chain due to disulfide bonds, ionic interactions, hydrogen bonds, vanderwalls forces, and hydrophobic interactions.
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quaternary structure
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two or more globular proteins binding together.
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starch
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glucose polymer w/alpha linkages, found in plants
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direction nucleotide sequences are written by convention
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5' -> 3'
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enzyme cofactors
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enzymes need them to function, either minerals or coenzymes (incl vitamins)
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hydrophobic
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water fearing
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hydrolysis
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seperation of macromolecules (lysis, seperate)
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lipid
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biological molecule with low solubility in water.
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amphipathic
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containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions.
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fatty acids
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chain of carbons with carboxylic acid end.
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glycerol
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3 carbon backbone, in triglycerides.
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Number of amino acids.
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20
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4 types of amino acid groups
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nonpolar, polar, acidic, basic.
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glycogen
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branced polymer of glucose with alpha linkages
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cellulose
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glucose polymer w/beta linkages, found in plants. not digestable by animals.
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composition of nucleotides
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five carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group.
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substrate
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reactant(s) that enzyme works on
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saturation kinetics
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dynamics of enzyme reaction speed... rate limited by enzyme concentation.
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irreversible inhibitors
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covalently bonds to enzyme, permenantly disables it
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competitive inhibitors
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take up active site but not permenantly. can be overcome by high conc of substrate
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Noncompetitive inhibitors
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bond to enzyme at nonactive site, change its shape to make it less effective. Cyanide is example.
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zymogen or proenzyme
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inactive enzyme form
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allosteric interactions
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modification of enzyme config resulting from binding of activator or inhibitor.
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-ase suffix
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denotes enzymes
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glycolysis
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breaks 6-carbon glucose into 2 3-carbon pyruvates, 2 molecules ATP and 2 NADH. occus in cytosol.
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substrate level phosphorylation
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formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate, using energy of a favorable reaction.
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fermentation
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anaerobic respiration. starts with glycolysis, pyruvate reduced to ethanol or lactic acid, and NADH goes back to NAD+ to start glycolysis.
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aerobic respiration
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produces 36 ATP incl glycolysis. 1 NADH = 3ATP, 1FADH2 = 2ATP.
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krebs cycle
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pyruvate->acetyl CoA turns cycle 2x. Cycle produces 1ATP, 3NADH, 1FADH2.
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Electron Transport Chain
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Steps down NADH and FADH2, creates proton gradient that produces ATP. Oxygen is final electron acceptor.
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oxidative phosphorylation
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production of ATP via proton gradient and ATP synthase.
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