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calcitonin
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made: thyroid
effects: decreases blood calcium level
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Progesterone
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made: ovaries
effect: prepares and maintaines uterus for pregnancy
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Placenta hormones
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HCG, (Estrogens, Progesterone... in addition to ovaries).
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estrogen
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made: ovaries
effect: growth of mother sex organs, causes LH surge
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testosterone
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made: testes
effect: secondary sex characteristics, closing of epiphyseal plates
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Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands.
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exocrine release enzymes to external environment through ducts, ie sweat, oil, digestive stuff.
endocrine releases directly into body fluid.
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Three types of hormones
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peptide, steroid, tyrosine derivatives
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effector
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target cell of hormone
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peptide hormone properties
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peptide derivative, water soluable.
have hard time diffusing through effector cell membrane.
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specific peptide hormones
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1. anterior pituitary: LSH, LH, ACTH, hGH, TSH, Prolactin
2. posterior pituitary: ADH, oxytocin
3. parathyroid: PTH
4. pancreatic: glucagon, insulin
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specific second messengers
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cAMP, cGMP, calmodulin -- often lead to cascade
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steroid hormone properties
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cholesterol derived, similar.
formed in smooth ER & Mito.
lipids, so require protein transport in blood.
can diffuse through effector membrane.
tends to increase protein production
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specific steroid hormones
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1. glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids of adrenal cortex: cortisol, aldosterone
2. gonadal hormones: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
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specific tyrosine derivatives
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1. thyroid hormones: T3, T4
2. catecholamines adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine
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thyroid hormone properties
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lipid soluable, use plasma protein carriers. Bind to receptors in nucleus. Latent response, longer duration.
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epinephrine and norepinephrine properties
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water soluable, bind to receptors on target tissue, act through 2nd messenger cAMP
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negative feedback
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gland lags behind effector... high hormone concentrations are not feeding back. gland responds to BODY not body to GLAND. glands try to normalize body.
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anterior pituitary
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beneath hypothalmus in brain.
releases hGH, ACTH, TSH, FSH and LH
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human growth hormone (hGH)
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made: anterior pituitary
effects: all body cells
action: stimulates growth, increasing protein production
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ACTH
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made: anterior pituitary, stress response
effects: adrenal cortex
action: adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids
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TSH
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made: anterior pituitary
effects: thyroid
action: thyroid releases T3 and T4, thyroid cells grow
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Prolactin
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made: anterior pituitary
effects: breasts
action: stimulates milk production
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posterior pituitary
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support tissue for hypothalamus.
hypothalmus makes oxytocin and ADH, which are released by post. pituitary
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oxytocin
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made: hypothalamus
effects:
action: uterine contractions and milk ejection
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ADH
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made: hypothalamus
effects: kidney collecting ducts
action: concentrates urine, retains water.
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adrenal cortex
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on top of kidney, cortex is outside part.
releases Aldosterone, Cortisol, ie minteral corticoids and glucocorticoids.
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aldosterone
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made: adrenal cortex
effects: Na+ absorption, K+ secretion in tubule of kidney, also increases blood pressure
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cortisol
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made: adrenal cortex
effects: stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver, degrades adipose tissue for energy, diminishes immune response
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catecholamines - epinephrine, norepinephrine
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made: adrenal medulla
effects: 'fight or flight', like in sympathetic NS, but longer lasting.
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thyroid
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gland located along trachea in front of larynx
releases T3, T4 and calcitonin
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T3 & T4
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made: thyroid
difference is 3 vs 4 iodine atoms
effects: increase basal metabolic rate.
release regulated by TSH
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pancreas
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located near kidney
both endo and exocrine gland.
releases insulin and glucagon.
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insulin
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made: pancreas
effects: lowers blood glucose levels, by increasing membrane permeability to glucose (except in brain)
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glucagon
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made: pancreas
effects: raise blood glucose levels, by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in liver. Also breaks down adipose tissue. (fat)
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parathyroid
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small glands attached to back of thyroid, releases PTH
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PTH, parathyroid hormone
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made: parathyroid
effects: increase blood calcium, regulated by calcium ion concentration in plasma
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seminiferous tubules
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sperm production occurs there
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FSH - follicle stim. hormone
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made: anterior pituitary
effects: growth of follicles in female, sperm production in male
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LH
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made: anterior pituitary
effects: causes ovulation, stimulates estrogen and testosterone secretion
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HCG
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stimulates corpus luteum to grow and release estrogen and progesterone
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androgen
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male sex hormone, primary is testosterone. Also responsible for secondary sex characteristics.
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sperm growth phases
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epithelial tissue, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa.
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zygote
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egg and sperm fuse to form
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cleavage
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zygote undergoes many mitosis resulting in ball of cells called morula
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blastocyst
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hallow ball of cells derived from morula implanted in wall of uterus
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induction
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once cell type affects the direction of differentiation of another cell type. differentiation "determines" cell fate.
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