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Parts of the peripheral nervous system
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Somatic
Autonomic
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Describe the somatic nervous system
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Regulates sensory and voluntary motor activity.
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Describe the autonomic nervous system
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Involuntary muscles
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
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Function of acetylcholine
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Controls voluntary movement
Role in memory, REM sleep
Sex
ACh loss found in Alzheimers
Interference w ACh impedes new memories
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Role of the limbic system
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Limbic system is the old brain
It mediates:
hunger, thirst
emotions, eg rage, fear, pleasure
memory encoding
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Def: paresis
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slight or partial paralysis
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Def: paraesthesis
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abnormal sensations
eg numbness, tingling or burning
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Def: hyperesthesia
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abnormal sensitivity to sensation
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Brain cell census
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100 billion neurons
1 trillion glial cells
which do neural housekeeping.
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Def: all or none law
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all neuronal action potentials have the same magnitude
increased stimulation results in
more action potentials or
action potentials in more neurons
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Factors affection neuronal conduction
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Diameter: thicker is faster
Mylenation
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Disorders associated with norepinephrine
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Deficit in depression
Excess in schizophrenia
Norepinephrine is a catecholamine
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Disorders associated with dopamine
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Excess in schizophrenia
Deficit in Parkinsons
Dopamine is a catecholamine
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What neurotransmitters are associated w schizophrenia?
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Excesses of dopamine and norepinephrine.
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Role of seratonin
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Depletion associated w depression
Role in:
anxiety
obesity
aggression
sleep
modulation of pain
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What brain structures are affected by Huntington's Chorea
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HC involves genetic degeneration of
substantia nigra
basal ganglia
cortex
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Symptoms of Parkinson's disease
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Jerky movement
Disarthria (articulation problems)
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Role of reticular formation *
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Sleep / wake cycle
Arousal
Information filtering
Selective attention
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Role of the hypothalmus
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Body homeostasis and circadian rhythm
Eating, drinking, sex
Control of autonomic and endrocrine sys
Translation of strong feeling to involuntary responses:
shallow breathing, racing heart
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Role of the hippocampus
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Transfer from STM to LTM
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Role of the frontal lobes
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Motor behavior
Concentration
Reasoning
Expressive language
Orientation to time, person, place
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Role of temporal lobes
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Receptive language
Long term memory
Emotion
Includes auditory cortex
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Role of parietal lobes
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Receiving and processing touch/pressure, kinesthesia and pain
Integrating sensory info
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Role of occipital lobes
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Vision
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Left hemisphere functions
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Verbal
Logical
Damage results in slow, cautious behavioral style
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Right hemisphere functions
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Artistic and musical abilities
Damage results in quick, impulsive behavioral style
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Def: ataxia *
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Disruption of coordination of complex, voluntary movement. May include
slurred speech
severe tremors
loss of balance
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Role of amygdala
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Integrates and directs emotional behavior
Attaches meaning to sensory experience
Mediates aggressive / defensive behavior
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Def: anterograde amnesia
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Inability to form new, permanent memories
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Describe Wernicke's aphasia *
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Fluent speech devoid of meaning
Difficulties in comprehension
Includes impairments in written and spoken language and problems recalling words (anomia)
Due to temporal lobe damage
Aka fluent or receptive aphasia
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Describe Broca's aphasia
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Expressive aphasia
Impared language expression and comprehension
Slow, laborious, non-fluent speech
Broca's area is in the frontal lobe
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Describe conduction aphasia
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Caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus, connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas
Speech makes sense, but person can't repeat what he hears
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Describe the James-Lange theory of emotion
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Emotions represent interpretations of physiological experience
We're afraid because we tremble
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What brain structures are involved in memory *
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Prefrontal cortex (STM)
Hippocampus (STM -> LTM)
Temporal lobe (LTM)
Thalamus (spatial memory)
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Describe the stages of sleep
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1. Transition from wakefulness to sleep; alpha waves give way to theta waves
2. Theta waves
3/4. Slow wave, delta, deep sleep
5. REM or paradoxical sleep: body out but mind active.
Cycle is ~100 min and recurs 4-6 times/night
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Describe Korsakoff's syndrome
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Memory disorder common in alcoholics,
characterized by amnesia, confabulation and apathy
disorientation with respect to time and place
lack of insight into current problems
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Describe long term potentiation
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Result of high freq neuronal stimulation:
increased neuronal sensitivity
synapse change
formation of new receptor sites
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Role of RNA in memory
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Memory increases RNA production
Training or experience increases cell RNA
Different experience produces different RNA
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What is a likely result of spinal cord injury on male sexuality
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Erection but not ejaculation
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def: agnosia *
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Inability to recognize familiar objects
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Functions of the sympathetic nervous system
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Fight or flight
Arousal
Control of smooth muscles of the blood vessels
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Role of Broca's area
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Speech production
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Sleep changes as we age
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Hours in REM decrease
% of REM decreases
Total sleep decreases
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Role of beta blockers in psychopharmacology
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Mgmt of anxiety, esp performance anxiety
tachychardia
sweating
hyperventalation
Used primarily for hypertension
Eg: Inderal
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Medications for mania
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Lithium (tx of choice)
Tegretol (carbamazepine)
Valproic acid
(in order of decreasing side effects)
Antipsychotics for acute episodes
Thorazine, Mellaril, Haldol
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Medications for OCD
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SSRIs, esp Prozac
tricyclics, esp Clomipramine
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Describe symptoms of parietal lobe damage
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unusual complex sensory and motor problems
left-right confusion
apraxia
face and tactile agnosia
problems deciphering visual/spatial info
unaware or unconcerned about problems
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Identify parts and scope of spinal chord regions
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cervical - ring and little fingers
thoracic - hand and arm
lumbar - hip, thigh, leg
sacral - foot, leg
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What part of the brain was most likely injured if patient reports loss of sensation?
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somatosensory cortex
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Where is the somatosensory cortex?
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On the postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe
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