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phylogenetically related prokaryotes distinct from bacteria
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archaea
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phylogenetically related prokaryotes distinct from archaea
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bacteria
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an organism obtaining its energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds
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chemolithotroph
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an organism obtaining its energy from the oxidation of organic compounds
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chemoorganotroph
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a genetic element carrying genes essential to cell function
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chromosome
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the highest level of biological classification
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domain
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the process by which mitochondria and choloplasts originated from the descendants of bacteria
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endosymbiosis
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a cell having a membrane-bound nucleus and usually other organelles
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eukaryote
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an organism that grows optimally under one or more environmental extremes
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extremophile
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the complement of genes in an organism
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genome
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cell shape
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morphology
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the aggregated mass of DNA that constitutes the chromosome of prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea)
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nucleoid
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a membrane enclosed structure that contains the chromosomes in eukaryotic cells
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nucleus
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a unit membrane enclosed structure present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
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organelle
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and organism that obtains its energy from light
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phototroph
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the evolutionary relationship between organisms
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phylogeny
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an extrachromosomal genetic element nonessential for growth
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plasmid
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a cell that lacks a membrane enclosed nucleus and other organelles
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prokaryote
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a cytoplasmic particle that carries out the process of protein synthesis
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ribosome
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found mostly in cells of plants and microorganisms, these give structural strength to the cell
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cell wall
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examples of eukaryotic microorganisms
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algae, fungi, protozoa
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prokaryotic microorganisms
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bacteria, archaea
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a major class of microorganisms that are not cells, and have no metabolic activities of their own
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viruses
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contain their own genes but lack ribosomes
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viruses
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DNA is ___ in most prokaryotes because most only have a single chromosome
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circular
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most prokaryotes contain only a single copy of each gene and are therefore genetically ___
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haploid
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extrachromosomal DNA that typically contains genes that confer special properties
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plasmids
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eukaryotes typically contain two copies of each gene and are genetically ____
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diploid
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process in which two identical daughter cells are the result
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mitosis
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process whereby eukaryotic cells' genetic material is halved to form haploid gametes for sexual reproduction
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meiosis
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microorganisms that can only extract energy from ATP in the presence of oxygen
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aerobes
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high energy compound from which energy is obtained
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ATP adenosine triphosphate
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microorganisms that can only extract energy from ATP in the absence of oxygen
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anaerobes
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these types of microbial cells obtain their complement of necessary carbon nutrients from one or more organic compounds
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heterotrophs
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these microbial cells require only CO2 to get their necessary complement of carbon
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autotrophs
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largest division (phylum) of bacteria
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proteobacteria
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oxygenic (oxygen evolved from metabolism) phototrophs who are phylogenetic relatives of gram positive bacteria
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cyanobacteria
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a favorite energy source of many chemolithotrophic archaea
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hydrogen gas
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high heat lover (extremophile)
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hyperthermophile
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cold lover (extremophile)
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psychrophile
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low ph lover (extremophile)
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acidophile
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high ph lover (extremophile)
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alkaliphile
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high pressure lover (extremophile)
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barophile
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salt lover (extremophile)
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halophile
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leaf-like structures often found growing on rocks, trees, and other surfaces; example of microbial mutualism; consist of a fungas and a phototrophic partner (alga or cyanobacterium)
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lichens
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large double-stranded molecule that combines to form a mass called the nucleoid
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bacterial chromosome
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