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narrative elements
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exposition, rising aciton, climax, falling action, denouement
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exposition
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introduction; sets the scene
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rising action
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complication; develops a conflict
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3 types of conflict
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human vs environment, human vs. human, and human vs. self
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climax
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high point, point of no return; something occurs to alter forever the story's main progression
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falling action
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reversal, speeds the story to its end
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denouement
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conclusion; gives the story closure
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characterization
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a character may be "static" (remains unchanged throughout the story), or "dynamic" (undergoes some kind of personality alteration); also, a character may have "roundness" (complex personality) or "flatness" (little development at all)
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protagonist
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main character of the story
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antagonist
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opponent of the protagonist
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foil
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character whose function is to emphasize the character traits of some other character
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tragic hero
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protagonist of a tragedy (traditionally, a person of noble birth who suffers a downfall because of a tragic flaw in his personality)
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anti-hero
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protagonist with villanous qualities
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theme
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an idea or observation set forth by the story as a universal truth
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tone
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the attitude of its narrator, his opinion of the characters and events in the story
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mood
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emotional atmosphere of the story; what a reader feels while he is reading
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imagery
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description that appeals to the senses
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indirect metaphor
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comparison is made between two things although one or both may not be explicitly named
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conceit
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an original comparison is developed more fully in the text
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personification
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makes an inanimate object sound as if it were human
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metonymy
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a larger whole- usually an abstract- is represented by one of its parts
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synecdoche
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usually occurs when a part represents a specific, tangible whole rather than an abstract
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balance
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can occur in a sentence, a paragraph or stanza, or a whole work; indicates harmony and implies the unity of smaller ideas into a larger; most common "balancing acts" are repetition, paralellism, and antithesis
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thematic parallel
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what is paralleled in a work is a pair of similar situations or ideas
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antithesis
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pairing of opposites to make point
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rhyme
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occurs when two or more words sound the same except for their initial letters
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effect of rhyme
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connotates a harmony of ideas; keeps its theme unified
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rhythm
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cadence that a phrase ot series of phrases develops
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assonance
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the repetition of vowel sounds within words
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consonance
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repetition of consonant sounds within words
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iamib pentameter
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an iamb is a metrical foot of two syllables, with the accent on the second syllable. Pentameter signifies that there are five iambs to a line
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couplet
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two consecutive rhyming lines in a poem (AABBCCDD...)
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heroic couplets
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two consecutive rhyming lines in a poem that are also in iambic pentameter
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sonnet
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14 lines of iambic pentameter; features a specific rhyme scheme; serious, usually discursive poem that compacts a unified idea into small space
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blank verse
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unrhymed iambic pentameter
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sprung rhythm
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features a variety of set meters and a complex rhyme scheme
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free verse
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no regular rhyme scheme or meter
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ode
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praises someone or something still in existence
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elegy
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honors someone dead
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ballad
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narrative poem, usually with a tragicomic tone; has an ABCBDEFE thyme scheme
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concrete poetry
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sometimes called emblematic poetry; forms its words onto pictures on the page; the point is that the picture has something to do with the poem's theme
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first person (major character) point of view
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has a narrator who is usually the main character of the narrative
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first person (minor character) point of view
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a character who is not the main focus of the narrative tells the story
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third person (observer) point of view
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the narrator is not a character in the story, nor does he know the thoughts and feelings of the story's characters
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third person (lmiited omniscient) point of view
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the narrator, who is not a character in the story, knows only of the main character's thoughts and feelings- no one else's
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narrative distance
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refers to the narrator's proximity in relation to other characters; a narrator can be physically close (like 1st person narrators) or physically distant (like 3rd person omniscient); a narrator can also be psychologically close (sympathetic with characters) or pschologically distant (cold)
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narrative shift
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usually manifests itself as a change in verb tense
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an author considers three things that go into her voice:
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her own style of writing, her audience, and her writing purpose
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what do i need to do when reading passages?
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ANNOTATE!!!
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in poetry...
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MARK WHERE THE SENTENCES BEGIN AND END!!!
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